{"product_id":"smart-city-infrastructure-the-blockchain-perspective-hardback-9781119785385","title":"Smart City Infrastructure; The Blockchain Perspective (Hardback) 9781119785385","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eSmart City Infrastructure\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eThe Blockchain Perspective\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eVishal Kumar (Edited by), V Kumar (Author), Vishal Jain (Edited by), Bharti Sharma (Edited by), Jyotir Moy Chatterjee (Edited by), Rakesh Shrestha (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781119785385, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 22 March 2022\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e384 pages\u003cbr\u003e1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eIn diesem Buch wird ein breites Spektrum an Themen behandelt, das den Leserinnen und Lesern ein besseres Verständnis davon vermitteln soll, wie Smart Cities mit Integration von KI und Blockchain funktionieren und welche Probleme hinsichtlich der Sicherheit bestehen.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Es werden detaillierte, tiefgehende Informationen über die hochmoderne Architektur und Infrastruktur von Smart Cities präsentiert sowie über die Umsetzung mithilfe des Internets der Dinge (IoT), künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) und Blockchain-Sicherheit ? den Schlüsseltechnologien der vierten industriellen Revolution. Theoretische Konzepte werden ebenso erläutert wie experimentelle Studien und verschiedene Smart-City-Anwendungen, die einen Mehrwert für die Bewohner von städtischen Gebieten schaffen. Es werden verschiedene Probleme dargestellt, die mit der Entwicklung von Smart Cities aufgekommen sind, und neuartige Lösungen zur Behebung dieser Probleme geschildert. Das IoT bietet zusammen mit der Integration von Blockchain und KI effiziente, sichere und transparente Möglichkeiten zur Lösung verschiedener gesellschaftlicher, staatlicher und demografischer Probleme in einem dynamischen städtischen Umfeld. Die Präsentation der Architektur, Infrastruktur, Funktionen und Sicherheit erfolgt nach dem Top-down-Prinzip.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Deep Dive Into Blockchain Technology: Characteristics, Security and Privacy Issues, Challenges, and Future Research Directions 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBhanu Chander\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Blockchain Preliminaries 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Functioning of Blockchain 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Design of Blockchain 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Blockchain Elements 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Key Technologies of Blockchain 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Distributed Ledger 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Cryptography 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Consensus 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Smart Contracts 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Benchmarks 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Consensus Algorithms of Blockchain 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 BFT-Based Consensus Algorithms 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5 Sleepy Consensus 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.6 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.7 Proof of Authority (PoA) 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.8 Proof of Reputation (PoR) 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.9 Deputized Proof of Stake (DPoS) 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.10 SCP Design 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Internet of Things and Blockchain 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Internet of Things 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 IoT Blockchain 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Up-to-Date Tendency in IoT Blockchain Progress 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Applications of Blockchain in Smart City 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Digital Identity 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Security of Private Information 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Data Storing, Energy Ingesting, Hybrid Development 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.4 Citizens Plus Government Frame 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.5 Vehicle-Oriented Blockchain Appliances in Smart Cities 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.6 Financial Applications 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Security and Privacy Properties of Blockchain 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Security and Privacy Necessities of Online Business Transaction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Secrecy of Connections and Data Privacy 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Privacy and Security Practices Employed in Blockchain 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Mixing 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Anonymous Signatures 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Homomorphic Encryption (HE) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.4 Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.5 Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.6 Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge (NIZK) 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.7 The Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.8 Game-Based Smart Contracts (GBSC) 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Challenges of Blockchain 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.1 Scalability 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.2 Privacy Outflow 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.3 Selfish Mining 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.4 Security 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Conclusion 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Toward Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things 33\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDjamel Saba, Youcef Sahli and Abdelkader Hadidi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Smart City Emergence 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 A Term Popularized by Private Foundations 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Continuation of Ancient Reflections on the City of the Future 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Smart and Sustainable City 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Smart City Areas (Sub-Areas) 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Technology and Data 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Economy 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Population 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 IoT 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 A New Dimension for the Internet and Objects 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Issues Raised by the IoT 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.1 IoT Scale 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.2 IoT Heterogeneity 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.3 Physical World Influence on the IoT 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.4 Security and Privacy 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Applications of the IoT That Revolutionize Society 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.1 IoT in the Field of Health 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.2 Digital Revolution in Response to Energy Imperatives 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.3 Home Automation (Connected Home) 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.4 Connected Industry 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.5 IoT in Agriculture 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.6 Smart Retail or Trendy Supermarkets 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.7 Smart and Connected Cities 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.8 IoT at the Service of Road Safety 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.9 Security Systems 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3.10 Waste Management 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Examples of Smart Cities 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Barcelona, a Model Smart City 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Vienna, the Smartest City in the World 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Smart City Benefits 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Security 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Optimized Management of Drinking and Wastewater 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Better Visibility of Traffic\/Infrastructure Issues 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.4 Transport 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Analysis and Discussion 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Integration of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Perspectives 77\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eR. Krishnamoorthy, K. Kamala, I. D. Soubache, Mamidala Vijay Karthik and M. Amina Begum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Concept of Smart Cities, Blockchain Technology, and Artificial Intelligence 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Concept and Definition of Smart Cities 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Integration of Smart Cities with New Technologies 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Development of Smart Cities by Integrated Technologies 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Concept of Blockchain Technology 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Features of Blockchain Technology 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 Framework and Working of Blockchain Technology 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Concept and Definition of Artificial Intelligence 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Classification of Artificial Intelligence– Machine Learning 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Smart Cities Integrated with Blockchain Technology 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Applications of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Development 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Secured Data Transmission 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.2 Digital Transaction—Smart Contracts 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.3 Smart Energy Management 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.4 Modeling of Smart Assets 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.5 Smart Health System 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.6 Smart Citizen 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.7 Improved Safety 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Smart Cities Integrated with Artificial Intelligence 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Importance of AI for Developing Smart Cities 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Development 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.1 Smart Transportation System 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.2 Smart Surveillance and Monitoring System 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.3 Smart Energy Management System 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.4 Smart Disposal and Waste Management System 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Conclusion and Future Work 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Smart City a Change to a New Future World 113\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSonia Singla and Aman Choudhary\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Role in Education 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Impact of AI on Smart Cities 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Botler AI 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Spot 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Nimb 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Sawdhaan Application 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Basic Use Cases of Traffic AI 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 AI and IoT Support in Agriculture 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Smart Meter Reading 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusion 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Registration of Vehicles With Validation and Obvious Manner Through Blockchain: Smart City Approach in Industry 5.0 127\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRohit Rastogi, Bhuvneshwar Prasad Sharma and Muskan Gupta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Concept of Smart Cities 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Problem of Car Registration and Motivation 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2.1 Research Objectives 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2.2 Scope of the Research Work 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 5G Technology and Its Implications 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 IoT and Its Applications in Transportation 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Usage of AI and ML in IoT and Blockchain 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Related Work 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Carchain 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Fabcar IBM Blockchain 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Blockchain and Future of Automobiles 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Significance of 5G Technology 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Presented Methodology 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Software Requirement Specification 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Product Perspective 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.1 Similarities Between Carchain and Our Application 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.2 Differences Between Carchain and Our Application 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 System Interfaces 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Interfaces (Hardware and Software and Communication) 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.1 Hardware Interfaces 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.2 Software Interfaces 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3.3 Communications Interfaces 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Operations (Product Functions, User Characteristics) 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4.1 Product Functions 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4.2 User Characteristics 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Use Case, Sequence Diagram 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5.1 Use Case 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5.2 Sequence Diagrams 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5.3 System Design 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5.4 Architecture Diagrams 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Software and Hardware Requirements 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Software Requirements 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Hardware Requirements 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Implementation Details 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Results and Discussions 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Novelty and Recommendations 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Future Research Directions 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Limitations 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Conclusions 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Designing of Fuzzy Controller for Adaptive Chair and Desk System 163\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePuneet Kundra, Rashmi Vashisth and Ashwani Kumar Dubey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Time Spent Sitting in Front of Computer Screen 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Posture 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Need for Correct Posture 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Causes of Sitting in the Wrong Posture 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Designing of Ergonomic Seat 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Considerate Factors of an Ergonomic Chair and Desk System 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Fuzzy Control Designing 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller Algorithm 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Fuzzy Membership Functions 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Rule Base 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Why Fuzzy Controller? 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Result of Chair and Desk Control 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusions and Further Improvements 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Blockchain Technology Dislocates Traditional Practice Through Cost Cutting in International Commodity Exchange 185\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArya Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Maintenance of Documents of Supply Chain in Commodity Trading 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Blockchain Technology 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Smart Contracts 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Blockchain Solutions 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation in Blockchain Solution - An Illustration 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Supporting Blockchain Technology in the Food Industry Through Other Applications 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Conclusion 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Managerial Implication 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Future Scope of Study 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 InterPlanetary File System Protocol–Based Blockchain Framework for Routine Data and Security Management in Smart Farming 205\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSreethi Thangam M., Janeera D.A., Sherubha P., Sasirekha S.P., J. Geetha Ramani and Ruth Anita Shirley D.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Blockchain Technology for Agriculture 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Data Management in Smart Farming 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Agricultural Information 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Supply Chain Efficiency 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Quality Management 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Nutritional Value 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Food Safety 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 IoT Automation 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Proposed Smart Farming Framework 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Wireless Sensors 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Communication Channels 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 IoT and Cloud Computing 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Blockchain and IPFS Integration 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Farmers Support System 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Sustainable Farming 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Results and Discussions 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Benefits and Challenges 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Future Scope 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 A Review on Blockchain Technology 225\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEr. Aarti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Characteristics of Blockchain Technology 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1.1 Decentralization 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1.2 Transparency 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1.3 Immutability 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Related Work 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Architecture of Blockchain and Its Components 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Blockchain Taxonomy 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Public Blockchain 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Consortium Blockchain 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Private Blockchain 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Consensus Algorithms 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Functions of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Some Approaches to Consensus 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.3 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.4 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.5 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.6 Proof of Burn (PoB) 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.7 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Challenges in Terms of Technologies 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Major Application Areas 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Finance 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Education 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Secured Connection 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.4 Health 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.5 Insurance 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.6 E-Voting 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.7 Smart Contracts 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.8 Waste and Sanitation 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Conclusion 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Technological Dimension of a Smart City 247\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLaxmi Kumari Pathak, Shalini Mahato and Soni Sweta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Major Advanced Technological Components of ICT in Smart City 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Internet of Things 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Big Data 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Artificial Intelligence 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Different Dimensions of Smart Cities 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Issues Related to Smart Cities 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Conclusion 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Blockchain—Does It Unleash the Hitched Chains of Contemporary Technologies 269\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAbigail Christina Fernandez and Thamarai Selvi Rajukannu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Historic Culmination of Blockchain 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 The Hustle About Blockchain—Revealed 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 How Does It Work? 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Consent in Accordance—Consensus Algorithm 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 The Unique Upfront Statuesque of Blockchain 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Key Elements of Blockchain 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Adversaries Manoeuvred by Blockchain 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.1 Double Spending Problem 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.2 Selfish Mining and Eclipse Attacks 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.3 Smart Contracts 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Breaking the Clutches of Centralized Operations 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Blockchain Compeers Complexity 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Paradigm Shift to Deciphering Technologies Adjoining Blockchain 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Convergence of Blockchain and AI Toward a Sustainable Smart City 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Business Manifestations of Blockchain 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Constraints to Adapt to the Resilient Blockchain 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Conclusion 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture and Consensus Protocols 293\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHimanshu Rastogi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Blockchain Architecture 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Block Structure 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Hashing and Digital Signature 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Consensus Algorithm 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Compute-Intensive–Based Consensus (CIBC) Protocols 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.1 Pure Proof of Work (PoW) 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.2 Prime Number Proof of Work\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Prime Number PoW) 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1.3 Delayed Proof of Work (DPoW) 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Capability-Based Consensus Protocols 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Proof of Stake (PoS) 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.3 Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV) 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.4 Proof of Burn (PoB) 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.5 Proof of Space (PoSpace) 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.6 Proof of History (PoH) 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.7 Proof of Importance (PoI) 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.8 Proof of Believability (PoBelievability) 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.9 Proof of Authority (PoAuthority) 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.10 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.11 Proof of Activity (PoA) 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Voting-Based Consensus Protocols 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3.1 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3.2 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3.3 Federated Byzantine Arrangement (FBA) 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3.4 Combined Delegated Proof of Stake and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DPoS+BFT) 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusion 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Applicability of Utilizing Blockchain Technology in Smart Cities Development 317\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAuwal Alhassan Musa, Shashivendra Dulawat, Kabeer Tijjani Saleh and Isyaku Auwalu Alhassan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Smart Cities Concept 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Definition of Smart Cities 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Legal Framework by EU\/AIOTI of Smart Cities 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Characteristic of Smart Cities 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Climate and Environmentally Friendly 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Livability 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Sustainability 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Efficient Resources Management 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Resilient 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.6 Dynamism 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.7 Mobility 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Challenges Faced by Smart Cities 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Security Challenge 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Generation of Huge Data 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Concurrent Information Update 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.4 Energy Consumption Challenge 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Blockchain Technology at Glance 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Key Drivers to the Implementation of Blockchain Technology for Smart Cities Development 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 Architectural Organization of the Internet of Things 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Challenges of Utilizing Blockchain in Smart City Development 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.1 Security and Privacy as a Challenge to Blockchain Technology 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.2 Lack of Cooperation 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.3 Lack of Regulatory Clarity and Good Governance 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.4 Energy Consumption and Environmental Cost 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Solution Offered by Blockchain to Smart Cities Challenges 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.1 Secured Data 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.2 Smart Contract 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.3 Easing the Smart Citizen Involvement 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.4 Ease of Doing Business 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.5 Development of Sustainable Infrastructure 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.6 Transparency in Protection and Security 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.7 Consistency and Auditability of Data Record 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.8 Effective, Efficient Automation Process 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.9 Secure Authentication 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.10 Reliability and Continuity of the Basic Services 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10.11 Crisis and Violence Management 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Conclusion 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 343\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Computer science [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Computer science\" 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