{"product_id":"reverse-osmosis-hardback-9781119724742","title":"Reverse Osmosis (Hardback) 9781119724742","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eReverse Osmosis\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eJane Kucera (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781119724742, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 30 May 2023\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e672 pages\u003cbr\u003e22.9 x 15.2 x 3.9 cm, 1.102 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eREVERSE OSMOSIS\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReverse osmosis (RO) is the world’s leading demineralization technology. It is used to provide clean water for potable and ultrapure uses as well as to treat wastewater for recycle or reuse. Regardless of the application or industry, the basics of RO are the same. This book provides the reader with in-depth knowledge about RO basics for any application.\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis third edition is completely updated, still covering the basics of RO but with new insights as to how to optimize performance. Sections of the book cover the history of RO, membrane and transport model development, pretreatment to minimize membrane deposition and damage, effective cleaning and troubleshooting methods, and data collection and analysis. A new section was added that provides detail about RO and water sustainability. Alternative membrane materials and high-recovery RO are some of the topics included in this new section.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTopics are presented in clear and concise language with enough depth to enhance comprehension. The reader will walk away with a new understanding of the topics covered in the book, thereby enabling them to optimize their own RO systems. Engineers and consultants will be able to design or troubleshoot RO systems more effectively. This book is the complete and definitive guide to RO for all persons concerned with RO systems.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface to the 3rd Edition xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I: Fundamentals 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Reverse Osmosis: History, Challenges, and Future Directions 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 A Brief History of Reverse Osmosis 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Early Development 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Advances 1970s–1980s 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Advances from 1990s through the Early 2000s 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Challenges and Prospects 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Membrane Materials Development 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Modification of Element Construction for Ultra-High Pressure or High-Temperature Operation 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Ultra-High Pressure Spiral Wound RO 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.2 High-Temperature Elements 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Optimization of RO Element Feed Channel Spacer 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Other Advances and Future Requirements 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Summary 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Principles and Terminology 33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Semipermeable Membranes 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Osmosis 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Reverse Osmosis 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Basic Performance Parameters: Recovery, Rejection, and Flux 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Recovery and Concentration Factor 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Rejection 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Flux 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3.1 Water Flux 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3.2 Solute Flux 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Filtration 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Dead-End Filtration 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Cross-Flow Filtration 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Concentration Polarization 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Membranes: Transport Models, Characterization, and Elements 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Membrane Transport Models 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Solution-Diffusion Transport Model 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Modified Solution-Diffusion Transport Models 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.1 Solution-Diffusion Imperfection Model 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.2 Extended Solution-Diffusion Model 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Pore-Based Transport Models 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Models Based on Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Polymeric Membranes 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Cellulose Acetate 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Linear Polyamide (Aramids) 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Fully Aromatic Polyamide Composite Membranes 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 NS-100 Membrane 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 FT-30 Composite Membrane 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Characterization of CA and Composite Polyamide Membranes 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.1 Surface Roughness 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.2 Zeta Potential (Surface Charge) 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.3 Hydrophilicity 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Other Membrane Polymers 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Membrane Elements 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Plate and Frame Elements 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Tubular Elements 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Hollow Fine Fiber Elements 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Spiral Wound Elements 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Specialty Membranes and Elements 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Specialty Membranes 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.1 Dry Membranes 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.2 Boron-Rejecting Membranes 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Specialty Elements 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.1 Sanitary Elements 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.2 Disc Tube Elements 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.3 Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP) Elements and System 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2.4 Ultra-High Pressure and High Temperature Elements 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II: System Design and Engineering 103\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Basic Design Arrangements and Concentration Polarization Guidelines 105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Arrays and Stages 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Recovery per System Array 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Element-By-Element Flow and Quality Distribution 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Flux Guidelines 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Cross-Flow Velocity Guidelines for Array Design 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Concentrate Recycle 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Passes 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 RO System Design Using Design Software 117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 RO System Design Guidelines 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Step-by-Step Design—Sample Problem 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Step 1—Water Flux 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Step 2—Membrane Selection 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Step 3—Number of Elements Required 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Step 4—System Array 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Design Software 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Water Application Value Engine (WAVE)— DuPont Water Solutions 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 IMSDesign—Hydranautics 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Q\u003csup\u003e+\u003c\/sup\u003e Projection Software LGChem 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Optimum Design Result for the Sample Problem 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Design Considerations 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Feed Water Source and Quality 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Feed Water Source 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Feed Water Quality and Guidelines 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 pH 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.1 pH Profile Through an RO System— Alkalinity Relationships 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.2 pH and Membrane Scaling Potential 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.3 pH Effects on Solute Rejection and Water Permeability 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 System Operations 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Pressure 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Compaction 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Temperature 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Balancing Flows 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Designing for Variable Flow Demand 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Existing RO System Design Considerations 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Changing Membranes 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.1 Changing Membrane Area 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.2 Changing Membrane Types 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1.3 Mixing Membrane Types 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Increasing Recovery 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Changing Feed Water Sources 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Reducing Permeate Flow 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 RO Equipment 163\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Basic RO Skid Components 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Cartridge Filters 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 High Pressure Feed Pump 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Pressure Vessels 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Skid Design Considerations 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Piping Materials of Construction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Feed Distribution Headers 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Stage-by-Stage Cleaning 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Sampling and Profiling\/Probing Connections 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Instrumentation 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Controls and Data Acquisition\/Analysis 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6.1 System Control 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6.2 Data Acquisition and Analysis 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.7 Designs for Variable Permeate Flow Demand 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Energy Recovery Devices (ERDs) 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 ERD Types 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 ERD Applications for RO 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.1 Single-Stage RO 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2.2 Multi-Stage RO 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Equipment 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Mobile RO Equipment 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III: Membrane Deposition and Degradation: Causes, Effects, and Mitigation via Pretreatment and Operations 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Membrane Scaling 211\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 What is Membrane Scale? 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Effects of Scale on Membrane Performance 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Hardness Scales 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Types of Hardness Scale 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Carbonate-Based Hardness Scales 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.2 Sulfate-Based Hardness Scales 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.3 Other Calcium Scales: Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Fluoride 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Mitigation of Hardness Scales 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.1 Chemical Pretreatment—Acid and Antiscalant Dosing 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.2 Non-Chemical Pretreatment—Sodium Softening and Nanofiltration 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.3 Operational Techniques—Flushing, Reverse Flow, and Closed Circuit Desalination 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Silica Scale 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Forms and Reactions of Silica 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Factors Affecting Silica Scale Formation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Mitigation of Silica Scale 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Struvite 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 What is Struvite? 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Mitigation of Struvite 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Scaling Mitigation Guidelines—Summary 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Generalized Membrane Fouling 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 What is Membrane Fouling? 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Classification and Measurement of Potential Foulants 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Settleable and Supra-Colloidal Particulates 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Colloids 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.1 Measurement of Colloids for RO Applications—Silt Density Index (SDI\u003csub\u003e15\u003c\/sub\u003e) 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.2 Measure of Colloids—Modified Fouling Indices 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.3 Summary of Colloidal Fouling Indices 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Natural Organic Material (NOM) 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Other Organics 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Other Foulants: Cationic Coagulants and Surfactants, and Silicone-Based Antifoams 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Metals: Aluminum, Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6.1 Aluminum 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6.2 Iron and Manganese 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6.3 Hydrogen Sulfide 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Effects of Fouling on Membrane Performance 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Effects of Inorganic Foulants 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1.1 Fouling with Larger Settleable and Supra-Colloidal Solids 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1.2 Cake Layer Surface Fouling with Colloids 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1.3 Feed Channel Fouling 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1.4 Summary of Fouling Effects of Inorganic Particulates and Colloids 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Effects of NOM and Other Organics 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.1 Effects of NOM—Humic Acids 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.2 Effects of Hydrocarbons 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.3 Effects of Cationic Coagulants and Surfactants 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2.4 Summary of the Effects of Organic Surfactant and Antifoam Fouling on Membrane Performance 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Pretreatment to Minimize Membrane Fouling 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Primary Pretreatment—Clarification for Colloids and Organics (NOM) Removal 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.1 Coagulation 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.2 Flocculation 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Pressure Filtration: Particles, SDI\u003csub\u003e15\u003c\/sub\u003e , and Organics Removal 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 Multimedia Pressure Filters: Suspended Solids Removal 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 Catalytic Filters: Soluble Iron, Manganese, and Hydrogen Sulfide Removal 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.3 Carbon Filters: TOC Removal 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.4 Walnut Shell Filters: Hydrocarbon Oil Removal 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.5 Cartridge Filters: What is Their Purpose? 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Membrane Filtration Turbidity, SDI 15 , and Metal Hydroxide Removal 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.1 Membrane Materials and Elements 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.2 Membrane Filtration Operations— Polymeric Membranes 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.3 Membrane Filtration as Pretreatment for RO 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Nanofiltration (NF): Organics and Color Removal 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Feed Water Quality Guidelines to Minimize Membrane Fouling 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 RO Membrane Biofouling 335\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 What is RO Membrane Biofouling? 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Biofouling 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Polyamide RO Membrane Characteristics 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.1 Membrane Surface Roughness 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.2 Surface Charge and Zeta Potential 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.3 Membrane Hydrophilicity 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Feed Water Matrix 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 Concentration of Microorganisms and Nutrients 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 Feed Water Ionic Strength and pH 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.3 Pretreatment Antiscalants 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.4 Feed Water Organic Concentration and Fouling 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 RO System Hydrodynamics 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Effects of Biofouling on Membrane Performance 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Scale Formation 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Hydrodynamic Effects on Performance 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Measurement of Biofouling 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Predictive Techniques 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.1 Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.2 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and the Biofilm Formation Rate (BFR) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Plate Counts 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.1 Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPC) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.2 Total Direct Counts (TDC) 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Mitigation Techniques 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Pretreatment 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.1 Reduction of Feed Water Nutrients and Microorganisms 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Disinfection 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.1 Physiochemical Disinfection Method— Ultraviolet (UV) Light 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.2 Chemical Disinfection—Oxidizing Biocides 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.3 Chemical Disinfection—Non-Oxidizing Biocide 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.4 Biocides Not Recommended for Use with Polyamide RO Membranes 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.5 Chemical Disinfection—Prospective Biocides for RO 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Membrane Cleaning for Biofouling Removal 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Membrane “Sterilization” 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.5 Biocide Flushing 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Biofouling and Mitigation Summary 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Membrane Degradation 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Chemical Degradation 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Polyamide Layer Degradation—Oxidation 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1.1 Chlorine 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1.2 Chloramine 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1.3 Chlorine Dioxide 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Polysulfone Support Layer Degradation 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Polyester Fabric Degradation—Hydrolysis 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Prevention of Chemical Damage 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.1 Removal of Oxidizers 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4.2 Protection of Membrane Support Layers 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Mechanical Damage 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Physical Membrane Damage Due to Abrasion 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Physical Membrane Damage Resulting from Operational Factors 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection IV: System Monitoring, Normalization, and Troubleshooting 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Data Collection and Normalization 419\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Data Collection 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Data Normalization 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscripts 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Membrane Issues and Troubleshooting 431\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Observed Performance Issues 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 High Permeate Solute Concentration 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.1 Increase in Feed Water Concentration of Ions 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.2 Hardness Scaling 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.3 Membrane Damage 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.4 Temperature Increase\/Pressure Decrease 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.5 System Operations and Mechanical Issues 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Changes in Permeate Flow 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Changes in Feed Pressure 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.4 High Differential Pressure 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Common Causes of Performance Failures 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Mechanical Failures 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 RO Equipment Design 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Operational Problems 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Feed Water Quality Issues 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Membrane Issues 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Troubleshooting Techniques 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Mechanical Inspection 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Cartridge Filter Inspection 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Water Analyses 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 RO Projections 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Profiling and Probing 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5.1 Profiling 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5.2 Probing 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.6 Normalized Data Analysis 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7 Autopsy 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.1 Visual Inspection—External 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7.2 Visual Inspection—Internal 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection V: Off-Line Activities: Membrane Cleaning, Flushing, and Layup 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Membrane Cleaning 477\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 When to Clean 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Cleaning Chemicals 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 High pH Cleaning 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Low pH Cleaning 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Cleaning Equipment Design 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Design of the RO Skid for Effective Cleaning 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Design of the Cleaning Skid 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.1 Cleaning Tank 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.2 Cartridge Filters 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2.3 Cleaning Pump 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Cleaning Techniques 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Conventional Cleaning 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Two-Phase Cleaning 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Reverse Cleaning 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Preventative Cleaning 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4.1 Extrapolative Preventative Cleaning 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4.2 Direct-Osmosis High-Salinity (DO-HS) On-Line Cleaning Technique 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Determining the Efficacy of Cleaning 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Versus Offsite Cleaning 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 CIP 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Off-Site Cleaning 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Membrane Disinfection 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Hydrogen Peroxide\/Peroxyacetic Acid 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2 Non-Oxidizing Biocides 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2.1 DBNPA 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2.2 Isothiazolones—CMIT\/MIT 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2.3 Other Non-Oxidizing Biocides 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Controlling Off-Line Membrane Deposition via Flushing and Layup 505\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Membrane Flushing 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 End of Service Flush 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Stand-By Flush 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Return to Service Flush 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Membrane Layup 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Short-Term Layup 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Long-Term Layup 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.1 Sodium Metabisulfite (SMBS) 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.2 DBNPA 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.3 CMIT\/MIT 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Membrane Preservation 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection VI: Sustainability and Future Prospects 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Concentrate Management 517\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Discharge 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Discharge to Surface Waters 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Discharge to Sewer 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Discharge to On-Site Treatment Facility 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.4 Deep Well Injection 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Land Application 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Irrigation 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Evaporation Ponds 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Reuse 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Direct Reuse 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.1 Wash Down Systems 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1.2 Cooling Tower Make-Up 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Treated Concentrate for Reuse—Brine Minimization 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.1 Recovery RO Systems 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2.2 Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Off-Site Disposal 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Emerging Technologies for Concentrate Management 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Membrane Distillation (MD) 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Forward Osmosis (FO) 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 High-Recovery Reverse Osmosis 531\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Single-Step High Recovery Processes 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Closed Circuit RO (CCRO) 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.1 Managing Scale Formation 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.2 Managing Membrane Fouling 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.3 Energy Savings 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Osmotically-Assisted RO (OARO) 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Pulse Flow RO (PFRO \u003csup\u003e™\u003c\/sup\u003e) 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.4 Feed Flow Reversal (FFR) 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Enhanced High Recovery Processes with Interstage Solute Precipitation 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Intermediate Concentrate Demineralization (ICD) 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Accelerated Seeded Precipitation (ASP) 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Multi-Step High Recovery Membrane Processes 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Toward Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Challenging Waters and Wastewaters 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Commercialized Multi-Step, High-Recovery RO Processes 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3.1 Optimized Pretreatment and Unique Separation (OPUS\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e) 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3.2 High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis (HERO\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e) 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 New and Alternative Membrane Materials For Sustainability 565\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Specific Requirements to Improve Sustainability 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Membrane Performance 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Fouling Resistance 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3 Chlorine (Oxidant) Tolerance 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.4 Energy-Water Nexus 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Membrane Materials to Meet RO Demineralization Challenges 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Modification of Polyamide Interfacial Polymerization (IP) Preparation Chemistries and Techniques 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Membrane Surface Modifications 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Nanotechnology and Nanoparticle Membranes 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposite Membranes 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3.2 Thin Film Nanoparticle (TFN) Membranes 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Membranes 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.5 Biomimetic Aquaporin Membranes 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbols 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 601\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Civil engineering, surveying \u0026amp; building [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Civil engineering, surveying \u0026amp; building\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Civil%20engineering,%20surveying%20\u0026amp;%20building%20%5BTN%5D%22\"\u003eTN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Scrivener","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52173801685272,"sku":"9781119724742","price":166.96,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781119724742.jpg?v=1781172569","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/reverse-osmosis-hardback-9781119724742","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}