{"product_id":"process-intensification-technologies-for-green-chemistry-engineering-solutions-for-sustainable-chemical-processing-hardback-9780470972670","title":"Process Intensification Technologies for Green Chemistry; Engineering Solutions for Sustainable Chemical Processing (Hardback) 9780470972670","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eProcess Intensification Technologies for Green Chemistry\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eEngineering Solutions for Sustainable Chemical Processing\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eKamelia Boodhoo (Edited by), K Boodhoo (Author), Adam Harvey (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780470972670, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 1 February 2013\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e432 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.4 x 17.8 x 2.6 cm, 0.794 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe successful implementation of greener chemical processes relies not only on the development of more efficient catalysts for synthetic chemistry but also, and as importantly, on the development of reactor and separation technologies which can deliver enhanced processing performance in a safe, cost-effective and energy efficient manner. Process intensification has emerged as a promising field which can effectively tackle the challenges of significant process enhancement, whilst also offering the potential to diminish the environmental impact presented by the chemical industry.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing an introduction to process intensification and the principles of green chemistry, this book presents a number of intensified technologies which have been researched and developed, including case studies to illustrate their application to green chemical processes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTopics covered include:\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e • Intensified reactor technologies: spinning disc reactors, microreactors, monolith reactors, oscillatory flow reactors, cavitational reactors\u003cbr\u003e • Combined reactor\/separator systems: membrane reactors, reactive distillation, reactive extraction, reactive absorption\u003cbr\u003e • Membrane separations for green chemistry\u003cbr\u003e • Industry relevance of process intensification, including economics and environmental impact, opportunities for energy saving, and practical considerations for industrial implementation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eProcess Intensification for Green Chemistry\u003c\/i\u003e is a valuable resource for practising engineers and chemists alike who are interested in applying intensified reactor and\/or separator systems in a range of industries to achieve green chemistry principles.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eList of Contributors xiii  \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Process Intensification: An Overview of Principles and Practice 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKamelia Boodhoo and Adam Harvey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Process Intensification: Definition and Concept 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Operations 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Reaction Engineering 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Mixing Principles 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Transport Processes 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Intensification Techniques 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Enhanced Transport Processes 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Integrating Process Steps 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Moving from Batch to Continuous Processing 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Merits of PI Technologies 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Business 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Process 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Environment 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Challenges to Implementation of PI 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Conclusion 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek Letters 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Green Chemistry Principles 33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJames Clark, Duncan Macquarrie, Mark Gronnow and Vitaly Budarin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Sustainable Development and Green Chemistry 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Ideals of Green Chemistry 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Metrics for Chemistry 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Effective Mass Yield 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Carbon Efficiency 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Atom Economy 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Environmental (E) Factor 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Comparison of Metrics 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Catalysis and Green Chemistry 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Case Study: Silica as a Catalyst for Amide Formation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Case Study: Mesoporous Carbonaceous Material as a Catalyst Support 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Renewable Feedstocks and Biocatalysis 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Case Study: Wheat Straw Biorefinery 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 An Overview of Green Chemical Processing Technologies 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Alternative Reaction Solvents for Green Processing 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Alternative Energy Reactors for Green Chemistry 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conclusion 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Spinning Disc Reactor: Continuous Thin-film Flow Processing for Green Chemistry Applications 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKamelia Boodhoo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Design and Operating Features of SDRs 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Hydrodynamics 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 SDR Scale-up Strategies 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Characteristics of SDRs 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Thin-film Flow and Surface Waves 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Mixing Characteristics 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Residence Time and Residence Time Distribution 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 SDR Applications 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Case Studies: SDR Application for Green Chemical Processing and Synthesis 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Cationic Polymerization using Heterogeneous Lewis Acid Catalysts 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Solvent-free Photopolymerization Processing 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Heterogeneous Catalytic Organic Reaction in the SDR: An Example of Application to the Pharmaceutical\/Fine Chemicals Industry 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Hurdles to Industry Implementation 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Control, Monitoring and Modelling of SDR Processes 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Limited Process Throughputs 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Cost and Availability of Equipment 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Lack of Awareness of SDR Technology 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Conclusion 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek Letters 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscripts 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Micro Process Technology and Novel Process Windows – Three Intensification Fields 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSvetlana Borukhova and Volker Hessel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Transport Intensification 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Fundamentals 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Mixing Principles 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Micromixers 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Micro Heat Exchangers 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Exothermic Reactions as Major Application Examples 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Chemical Intensification 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Fundamentals 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 New Chemical Transformations 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 High Temperature 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 High Pressure 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Alternative Reaction Media 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Process Design Intensification 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Fundamentals 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Large-scale Manufacture of Adipic Acid – A Full Process Design Vision in Flow 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Process Integration – From Single Operation towards Full Process Design 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Process Simplification 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Industrial Microreactor Process Development 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Industrial Demonstration of Specialty\/Pharma Chemistry Flow Processing 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Industrial Demonstration of Fine Chemistry Flow Processing 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Industrial Demonstration of Bulk Chemistry Flow Processing 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusion 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Green Chemistry in Oscillatory Baffled Reactors 157\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAdam Harvey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Continuous versus Batch Operation 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 The Oscillatory Baffled Reactor’s ‘Niche’ 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Case Studies: OBR Green Chemistry 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 A Saponification Reaction 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 A Three-phase Reaction with Photoactivation for Oxidation of Waste Water Contaminants 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 ‘Mesoscale’ OBRs 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Conclusion 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Monolith Reactors for Intensified Processing in Green Chemistry 175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJoseph Wood\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Design of Monolith Reactors 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Monolith and Washcoat Design 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Reactor and Distributor Design 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Hydrodynamics of Monolith Reactors 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Flow Regimes 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Mixing and Mass Transfer 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Advantages of Monolith Reactors 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Scale-out, Not Scale-up? 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 PI for Green Chemistry 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Applications in Green Chemistry 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Chemical and Fine Chemical Industry 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Cleaner Production of Fuels 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Removal of Toxic Emissions 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusion 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek Letters 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscripts and Superscripts 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Process Intensification and Green Processing Using Cavitational Reactors 199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eVijayanand Moholkar, Parag Gogate and Aniruddha Pandit\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Mechanism of Cavitation-based PI of Chemical Processing 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Reactor Configurations 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Sonochemical Reactors 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Mathematical Modelling 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Optimization of Operating Parameters in Cavitational Reactors 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Sonochemical Reactors 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Intensification of Cavitational Activity 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Use of PI Parameters 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Use of a Combination of Cavitation and Other Processes 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Case Studies: Intensification of Chemical Synthesis using Cavitation 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Transesterification of Vegetable Oils Using Alcohol 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Selective Synthesis of Sulfoxides from Sulfides Using Sonochemical Reactors 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Overview of Intensification and Green Processing Using Cavitational Reactors 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 The Future 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Conclusion 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Membrane Bioreactors for Green Processing in a Sustainable Production System 227\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eRosalinda Mazzei, Emma Piacentini, Enrico Drioli and Lidietta Giorno\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Membrane Bioreactors 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Membrane Bioreactors with Biocatalyst Recycled in the Retentate Stream 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Membrane Bioreactors with Biocatalyst Segregated in the Membrane Module Space 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Biocatalytic Membrane Reactors 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Entrapment 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Gelification 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Chemical Attachment 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Case Studies: Membrane Bioreactors 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Biofuel Production Using Enzymatic Transesterification 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Waste Water Treatment and Reuse 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Waste Valorization to Produce High-added-value Compounds 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Green Processing Impact of Membrane Bioreactors 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Reactive Distillation 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnton Kiss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Principles of RD 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Design, Control and Applications 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Modelling RD 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Economical and Technical Evaluation 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Economical Evaluation 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Technical Evaluation 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Case Studies: RD 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Biodiesel Production by Heat-Integrated RD 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Fatty Ester Synthesis by Dual RD 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Green Processing Impact of RD 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Conclusion 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Reactive Extraction Technology 275\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKeat T. Lee and Steven Lim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Definition and Description 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Literature Review 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Case Studies: Reactive Extraction Technology 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Reactive Extraction for the Synthesis of FAME from Jatropha curcas L. Seeds 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Supercritical Reactive Extraction for FAME Synthesis from Jatropha curcas L. Seeds 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Impact on Green Processing and Process Intensification 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Conclusion 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Reactive Absorption 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAnton A. Kiss\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Theory and Models 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Equilibrium Stage Model 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 HTU\/NTU Concepts and Enhancement Factors 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Rate-based Stage Model 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Equipment, Operation and Control 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Applications in Gas Purification 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Capture 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Sour Gas Treatment 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Removal of Nitrogen Oxides 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Desulfurization 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Sulfuric Acid Production 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.6 Nitric Acid Production 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.7 Biodiesel and Fatty Esters Synthesis 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Green Processing Impact of RA 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Challenges and Future Prospects 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Membrane Separations for Green Chemistry 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eRosalinda Mazzei, Emma Piacentini, Enrico Drioli and Lidietta Giorno\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Membranes and Membrane Processes 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Case Studies: Membrane Operations in Green Processes 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Membrane Technology in Metal Ion Removal from Waste Water 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Membrane Operations in Acid Separation from Waste Water 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Membrane Operation for Hydrocarbon Separation from Waste Water 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Membrane Operations for the Production of Optically Pure Enantiomers 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Integrated Membrane Processes 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Integrated Membrane Processes for Water Desalination 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Integrated Membrane Processes for the Fruit Juice Industry 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Green Processing Impact of Membrane Processes 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusion 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Process Intensification in a Business Context: General Considerations 355\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDag Eimer and Nils Eldrup\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 The Industrial Setting 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Process Case Study 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Essential Lessons 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Business Risk and Ideas 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Process Economics and Environmental Impacts of Process Intensification in the Petrochemicals, Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Industries 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJan Harmsen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Petrochemicals Industry 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Drivers for Innovation 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Conventional Technologies Used 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Commercially Applied PI Technologies 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Industries 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Drivers for Innovation 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Conventional Technologies Used 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Commercially Applied PI Technologies 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Opportunities for Energy Saving from Intensified Process Technologies in the Chemical and Processing Industries 379\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDena Ghiasy and Kamelia Boodhoo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Energy-Intensive Processes in UK Chemical and Processing Industries 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 What Can PI Offer? 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Case Study: Assessment of the Energy Saving Potential of SDR Technology 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Basis for Comparison 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Batch Process Energy Usage 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Batch\/SDR Combined Energy Usage 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Energy Savings 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Conclusion 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek Letters 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscripts 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix: Physical Properties of Styrene, Toluene and Cooling\/Heating Fluids 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Implementation of Process Intensification in Industry 393\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eJan Harmsen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Practical Considerations for Commercial Implementation 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Reactive Distillation 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Dividing Wall Column Distillation 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Reverse Flow Reactors 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Microreactors 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.5 Rotating Packed Bed Reactors 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Scope for Implementation in Various Process Industries 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Oil Refining and Bulk Chemicals 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Industries 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Biomass Conversion 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Future Prospects 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 401\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52278162686232,"sku":"9780470972670","price":96.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9780470972670.jpg?v=1781458727","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/process-intensification-technologies-for-green-chemistry-engineering-solutions-for-sustainable-chemical-processing-hardback-9780470972670","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}