{"product_id":"principles-of-flight-for-pilots-paperback-softback-9780470710739","title":"Principles of Flight for Pilots (Paperback \/ softback) 9780470710739","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003ePrinciples of Flight for Pilots\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003ePeter J. Swatton (Author), Peter Belobaba (Series edited by), Jonathan Cooper (Series edited by), Roy Langton (Series edited by), Allan Seabridge (Series edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780470710739, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003ePaperback \/ softback, published 8 October 2010\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e512 pages\u003cbr\u003e24.4 x 16.9 x 2.8 cm, 0.879 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e“Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects.\" (\u003ci\u003eExpofairs\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003e,\u003c\/b\u003e 27 April 2013)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects.\" (Aeroweb-fr.net, 1 March 2011)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eOrganised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Flight for Pilots\u003c\/i\u003e also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects. Providing a unique aerodynamics reference tool, unlike any book previously \u003ci\u003ePrinciples of Flight for Pilots\u003c\/i\u003e explains in significant depth all the topics necessary to pass the Principles of Flight examination as required by the EASA syllabus.  \u003cp\u003eAviation ground instructor Peter J. Swatton, well reputed for his previous works in the field of pilot ground training, presents the subject in seven parts including basic aerodynamics; level flight aerodynamics; stability; manoeuvre aerodynamics; and other aerodynamic considerations. Each chapter includes self-assessed questions, 848 in total spread over eighteen chapters, with solutions provided at the end of the book containing full calculations and explanations.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight and Mass xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1 The Preliminaries \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Basic Principles 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Atmosphere 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Composition of Air 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 The Measurement of Temperature 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Air Density 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The International Standard Atmosphere 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 ISA Deviation 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 JSA Deviation 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Height and Altitude 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Pressure Altitude 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Density Altitude 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Physical Properties of Air 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Fluid Pressure 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Static Pressure 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Dynamic Pressure 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Definitions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 First Law 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Second Law 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Third Law 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Constant-Acceleration Formulae 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 The Equation of Impulse 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 The Basic Gas Laws 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Boyles Law 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Charles’ Law 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Pressure Law 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 The Conservation Laws 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Bernoulli’s Theorem 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.1 Viscosity 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 The Equation of Continuity 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 Reynolds Number 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12.1 Critical Reynolds Number (Re\u003csub\u003ecrit\u003c\/sub\u003e) 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 Units of Measurement 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 1 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Basic Aerodynamic Definitions 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Aerofoil Profile 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Aerofoil Attitude 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Wing Shape 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Wing Loading 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Weight and Mass 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 The Newton 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Airspeeds 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Indicated Airspeed (IAS) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Rectified Airspeed (RAS) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.6 True Airspeed (TAS) 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.7 Mach Number 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Speed Summary 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 The Effect of Altitude on Airspeeds 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 a. Below the Tropopause 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 b. Above the Tropopause 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 2 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2 Basic Aerodynamics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Basic Control 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Rotation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 The Longitudinal or Roll Axis 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 The Lateral or Pitch Axis 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 The Normal or Yaw Axis 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Flight Controls 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Elevators 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Pitch Control 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Control Surface Area 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1.1 Control Surface Angular Deflection 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 The Moment Arm 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Angle of Attack 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Alternative Pitch Controls 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Variable Incidence Tailplane 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 The Stabilator 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 The Elevons 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 The Rudder 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Yaw Control 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Control-Surface Area 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1.1 Control-Surface Deflection 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 The Moment Arm 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2.1 Engine-Induced Yaw 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Asymmetric Engine Yawing Moment 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Critical Power Unit 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Asymmetric Rolling Moment 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Minimum Control Speeds 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.0.1 For Take-off 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.0.2 For Landing 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 V\u003csub\u003eMC\u003c\/sub\u003e 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 V\u003csub\u003eMCG\u003c\/sub\u003e 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2.1 The Effect of the Variables on V\u003csub\u003eMCG\u003c\/sub\u003e and V\u003csub\u003eMC\u003c\/sub\u003e 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.3 V\u003csub\u003eMCL\u003c\/sub\u003e 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.4 V\u003csub\u003eMCL\u003c\/sub\u003e(1\u003csub\u003eout\u003c\/sub\u003e) 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.5 V\u003csub\u003eMCL-2\u003c\/sub\u003e 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.5.1 The Effect of the Variables on V\u003csub\u003eMCL\u003c\/sub\u003e 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 The Ailerons 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Roll Control 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.1 The Flaperon 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Wing Twist 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Geometric Twist 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Aerodynamic Twist 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15.1 Twisterons 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 High-Speed Twist 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16.2 High-Speed Ailerons 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16.3 Roll Spoilers 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 3 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Lift Generation 55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Turbulent Flow 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Streamline Flow 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The Boundary Layer 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Laminar Boundary Layer 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 The Transition Point 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 The Turbulent Boundary Layer 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Leading-Edge Separation 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Boundary-Layer Control 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Blowing 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Suction 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Vortex Generators 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Two-Dimensional Flow 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 The Stagnation Point 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Lift Production 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Symmetrical Aerofoils 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Cambered Aerofoils 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.1 a. Negative Angles of Attack 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.2 b. Small Positive Angles of Attack 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2.3 c. Large Positive Angles of Attack 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Pitching Moments 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 The Aerodynamic Centre 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Three-Dimensional Flow 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Wing-Tip Vortices 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15 Wake Turbulence 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16 Spanwise Lift Distribution 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.16.1 The Effect of Wing Planform 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 4 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3 Level-Flight Aerodynamics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Lift Analysis 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The Four Forces 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Mass 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Lift Analysis 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Factors Affecting C\u003csub\u003eL\u003c\/sub\u003e 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 The Effect of Angle of Attack 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 The Effect of the Wing Shape 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 The Effect of Leading-Edge Radius 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 The Effect of Camber 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 The Wing Planform 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4.1 The Effect of Sweepback 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Condition 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 The Effect of Reynolds Number 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 The Relationship between Speeds, Angles of Attack and C\u003csub\u003eL\u003c\/sub\u003e 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Aerofoil Profiles 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.1 High-Lift Aerofoils 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.2 General-Purpose Aerofoils 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.3 High-Speed Aerofoils 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 5 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Lift Augmentation 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Wing Loading 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 C\u003csub\u003eLmax\u003c\/sub\u003e Augmentation 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Slats 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Automatic Slats 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Manual Slats 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Slots 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Leading-Edge Flaps 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 The Krueger Flap 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 The Drooped Leading Edge 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Trailing-Edge Flaps 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 The Plain Trailing-Edge Flap 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 The Split Trailing-Edge Flap 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 The Slotted Trailing-Edge Flap 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 The Fowler Flap 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4.1 The Effect of Trailing-Edge Flaps 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.5 Leading- and Trailing-Edge Combinations 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.5.1 The Effect of Sweepback on Flap 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 6 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Drag 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Parasite (Profile) Drag 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Surface-Friction Drag 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.0.1 Surface Area 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.0.2 Coefficient of Viscosity 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.0.3 Rate of Change of Airspeed 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Flow Transition 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.1 Surface Condition 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.2 Speed and Size 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1.3 Adverse Pressure Gradient 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Form (Pressure) Drag 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Interference Drag 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Induced Drag 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 The Effect of Speed 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 The Effect of Mass 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 The Effect of Planform 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 The Effect of Sweepback 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.6 The Effect of Flap 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.7 The Effect of the CG Position 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.8 Effects Summary 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Ground Effect 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Wing-Tip Design 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Wingspan Loading 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 The Coefficient of Induced Drag (C\u003csub\u003eDI\u003c\/sub\u003e) 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Total Drag 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Analysis of the Total-Drag Curve 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 The Velocity of Minimum Drag (V\u003csub\u003eIMD\u003c\/sub\u003e) 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 The Velocity of Minimum Power (V\u003csub\u003eIMP\u003c\/sub\u003e) 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 The Maximum EAS\/Drag Ratio (V\u003csub\u003eI\u003c\/sub\u003e\/D\u003csub\u003emax\u003c\/sub\u003e) Speed 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Speed Stability and Instability 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15 The Effect of the Variables on Total Drag 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15.1 The Effect of Altitude 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15.2 The Effect of Mass 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15.3 The Effect of Flap 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16 The C\u003csub\u003eL\u003c\/sub\u003e v C\u003csub\u003eD\u003c\/sub\u003e Polar Diagram 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17 Analysis of the Lift\/Drag Ratio 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17.1 The Effect of Flap 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17.2 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17.3 The Effect of Mass 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.18 Drag Augmentation 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.19 Airbrakes 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20 Spoilers 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20.1 Flight Spoilers 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20.2 Ground Spoilers 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20.3 Roll Spoilers 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.21 Barn-Door Flaps 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.22 Drag Parachutes 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 7 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Stalling 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0.1 The Stall 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 The Boundary Layer 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Boundary-Layer Separation 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Trailing-Edge Separation 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Leading-Edge Separation 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 The Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Factors Affecting the Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Slat\/Flap Setting 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Ice Accretion 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Effect on Take-off and Landing 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.1 Take-Off 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.2 Landing 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.3 Reduced Stalling Angle 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.4 Abnormal Stalling Characteristics 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Heavy Rain 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 The Effect of Wing Design on the Low-Speed Stall 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Swept Wings 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Elliptical Wings 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Rectangular Wings 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Straight Tapered Wings 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Spanwise-Flow Attenuation Devices 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 The Wing Fence 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 The Sawtooth Leading Edge 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.3 The Notched Leading Edge 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.4 Vortex Generators 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Wing-Tip Stalling 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 The Effect of Flap 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 The Prevention of Wing-Tip Stalling 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.1 a. Washout 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.2 b. Root Spoiler 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.3 c. Changing Camber 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.4 d. Slats and Slots 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.5 e. Aspect Ratio 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Stalling Characteristics 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.1 Ideal Stalling Characteristics 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8.2 Swept-Wing Stalling Characteristics 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Summary of Factors Affecting the Stalling Angle 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Aerodynamic Stall Warning 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Mechanical Stall Warning 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.1 The Flapper Switch 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.2 The Angle of Attack Sensor 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.3 Stick Shakers 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11.4 Stick Pushers 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Stalling Speed 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Factors Affecting Stalling Speed 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Centre of Gravity (CG) 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.1 Forward CG 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.1.1 Disadvantage 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.1.2 Advantage 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.2 Aft CG 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.2.1 Disadvantage 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.2.2 Advantage 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15 Mass 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16 Altitude 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17 Configuration 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18 Ice Accretion 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.19 Wing Planform 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20 Summary of Factor Effects on Stalling Speed 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21 The Speed Boundary 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.22 The Effect of a Gust on the Load Factor 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.23 Turn Stalling Speed 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24 Stalling-Speed Definitions 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.1 V\u003csub\u003eCLmax\u003c\/sub\u003e 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.2 V\u003csub\u003eMS\u003c\/sub\u003e 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.3 V\u003csub\u003eMS0\u003c\/sub\u003e 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.4 V\u003csub\u003eMS1\u003c\/sub\u003e 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.5 V\u003csub\u003eS\u003c\/sub\u003e 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.6 V\u003csub\u003eS0\u003c\/sub\u003e 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.7 V\u003csub\u003eS1\u003c\/sub\u003e 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.8 V\u003csub\u003eS1g\u003c\/sub\u003e 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.9 V\u003csub\u003eSR\u003c\/sub\u003e 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.10 V\u003csub\u003eSR0\u003c\/sub\u003e 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.24.11 V\u003csub\u003eSR1\u003c\/sub\u003e 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.25 The Deep Stall 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.26 The Accelerated Stall 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.27 The Power-On Stall 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.28 The Shock Stall 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.29 Stall Recovery 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.29.1 The Low-speed Stall 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.29.2 The Deep Stall 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.29.3 The Accelerated Stall 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.29.4 The Power-On Stall 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.29.5 The Shock Stall 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30 The Spin 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 8 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Thrust and Power in Level Flight 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Thrust 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Analysis of the Thrust Curves 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Thrust Available 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Thrust Required 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.1 Maximum Speed (EAS) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 The Effect of the Variables on Thrust 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Altitude 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Mass 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Asymmetric Flight 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Centre of Gravity 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Power 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Analysis of the Power Curves 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Maximum TAS 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 V\u003csub\u003eMP\u003c\/sub\u003e and V\u003csub\u003eMD\u003c\/sub\u003e 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 The Effect of the Variables on Power 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Altitude 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Mass 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Summary 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 9 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Advanced Control 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Wing Torsion and Flexing 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Wing Flutter 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Torsional Flexural Flutter 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Aileron Flutter 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Torsional Aileron Flutter 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Flexural Aileron Flutter 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.1 The Mass Balance 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Divergence 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Control Secondary Effects 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Adverse Yaw 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Counteraction Devices 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Rudder\/Aileron Coupling 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Slot\/Aileron Coupling 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.3 Spoiler\/Aileron Coupling 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.4 Differential Aileron Deflection 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.5 Frise Ailerons 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Control-Surface Operation 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Aerodynamic Balance Methods 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.1 The Hinge Balance 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.2 The Horn Balance 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.3 The Internal Balance 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.4 The Balance Tab 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.5 The Antibalance Tab 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.6 The Spring Tab 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10.7 The Servo Tab 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Primary Control-Surface Trimming 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.1 Variable Trim Tabs 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.2 Fixed Trim Tabs 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11.3 Stabilizer Trim Setting 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Powered Controls 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Power-Assisted Controls 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Fully Powered Controls 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.1 Artificial Feel 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.1.1 The Simple System 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14.1.2 The Servo-Assisted Hydraulic System 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15 Fly-by-Wire 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 10 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 4 Stability \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Static Stability 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Static Stability 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 The Effect of the Variables on Static Stability 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Directional Static Stability 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Yaw and Sideslip 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 The Directional Restoring Moment 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Fin and Rudder Design 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 The Dorsal Fin 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 The Ventral Fin 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 The Moment Arm 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Directional Static Stability 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Fuselage 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Wing 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2.1 Dihedral 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Sweepback 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Propeller Slipstream 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Neutral Directional Static Stability 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Lateral Static Stability 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Lateral Static Stability 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.1 Increased Lateral Static Stability 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2 Decreased Lateral Static Stability 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Sideslip Angle and Rolling Moment Coefficient 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Analysis of Design Feature Effects 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 Wing Contribution 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.1 Dihedral 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.2 Anhedral 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13.3 Sweepback 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14 Wing\/Fuselage Interference 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14.1 Shielding Effect 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14.2 Wing Location 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15 Fuselage\/Fin 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15.1 Fin Size 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15.2 Ventral Fin 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16 Handling Considerations 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16.1 Propeller Slipstream 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16.2 Crosswind Landings 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16.3 Flaps 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17 Longitudinal Static Stability 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.18 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.19 The Neutral Point (NP) 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.19.1 Types of Static Neutral Point 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.19.1.1 The Stick-Free Static Neutral Point 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.19.1.2 The Stick-Fixed Static Neutral Point 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.19.2 The Effect of the CG at the NP 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20 The Aerodynamic Centre (AC) 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21 The Centre of Gravity (CG) 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21.1 The CG Envelope 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21.1.1 CG Envelope Limitations 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21.1.2 CG Movement 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21.2 The Effect of CG at the Limits 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21.2.1 CG at the Forward Limit 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21.2.2 CG at the Aft Limit 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.22 The Static Margin (SM) 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.23 The Trim Point (TP) 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.24 Longitudinal Dihedral 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25 Aeroplane-Design Variations 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26 The Effect of the Variables on Longitudinal Static Stability 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26.1 Elevator Deflection 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26.2 Trim 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26.3 The Fuselage 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26.4 Angle of Attack 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26.5 Configuration 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26.5.1 Trailing-Edge Flaps 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.26.5.2 Undercarriage 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.27 Stick-Fixed Longitudinal Static Stability 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.27.1 Stick-Position Stability 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.28 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.28.1 Stick Force 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29 Certification Standard Stick-Force Requirements 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29.1 a. Class ‘A’ Aeroplanes CS 25.173(c) 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.29.2 b. Class ‘B’ Aeroplanes CS 23.173(c) 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.30 The Effect of CG Position on Stick Force 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.31 Longitudinal Static Manoeuvre Stability 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.31.1 The Manoeuvre Point 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.32 Factors Affecting Stick Force 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.33 Summary 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.34 The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.34.1 Ice Accretion 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.34.2 Heavy Rain 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.34.3 Altitude 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.35 The Factors Affecting Static Stability 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 11 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Dynamic Stability 277\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 The Phugoid 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Short-Period Oscillation 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Factors Affecting Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Lateral Dynamic Stability 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Sideslip 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Rolling 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Spiral 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Dutch Roll 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Spiral Instability 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Dutch Roll 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Asymmetric Thrust 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Aerodynamic Damping 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Summary 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 The Factors Affecting Dynamic Stability 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 a. General 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 b. Longitudinal 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 c. Lateral 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 12 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 5 Manoeuvre Aerodynamics \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Level-Flight Manoeuvres 291\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 The Manoeuvre Envelope 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 The Flight Load Factor 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Manoeuvre-Envelope Limitations 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 The Stalling Speed 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 The ‘g’ Limitation 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Limiting Parameters 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Maximum-Speed Limitation 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Stalling and Design Speed Definitions 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Limiting Speeds 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Load Factor 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 The Gust Load Factor 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Buffet 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Low-Speed Buffet 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 High-Speed Buffet 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 The Buffet Onset Boundary Chart 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Turns 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.1 The Load Factor in a Turn 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.2 The Turn Radius 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.3 Rate of Turn 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Turn and Slip Indications 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 13 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Climb and Descent Aerodynamics 315\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Climbing Flight 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 The Forces in a Climb 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 The Effect of the Variables on the Climb 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Altitude 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Mass 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Flap Setting 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Wind Component 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Climb Gradient 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Climb-Gradient Calculations 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Method 1 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Method 2 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Rate of Climb 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Rate-of-Climb Calculations 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 V\u003csub\u003eX\u003c\/sub\u003e and V\u003csub\u003eY\u003c\/sub\u003e 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 V\u003csub\u003eX\u003c\/sub\u003e 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 V\u003csub\u003eY\u003c\/sub\u003e 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Aircraft Ceiling 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 V\u003csub\u003eY\u003c\/sub\u003e at the Absolute Ceiling 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12.1 Piston\/Propeller Aeroplanes 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12.2 Jet Aeroplanes 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 The Effect of the Variables on V\u003csub\u003eX\u003c\/sub\u003e and V\u003csub\u003eY\u003c\/sub\u003e 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13.1 Mass 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13.2 Flap 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13.3 Altitude 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13.4 Temperature 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13.5 Wind Component 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14 The Effect of Climbing-Speed Variations 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.15 Factors Affecting the Climb 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16 The Glide Descent 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16.1 The Glide Variables 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17 Gliding for Maximum Range 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18 The Effect of the Variables on a Glide Descent 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18.1 Speed 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18.2 Wind Component 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18.3 Mass 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18.4 Angle of Attack 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18.5 Flap 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.19 Gliding for Maximum Endurance 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.20 Climbing and Descending Turns 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessed Exercise 14 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 6 Other Aerodynamic Considerations \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e349\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 High-Speed Flight 351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0.1 General Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 High-Speed Definitions 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 High-Speed Calculations 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 The Shockwave 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Compressibility 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Shockwave Formation 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Air-Pressure-Wave Patterns 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Subsonic 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Sonic 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Supersonic 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 The Shockwave Deflection Angle 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 The High-Speed CP 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Critical Mach Number (M\u003csub\u003eCRIT\u003c\/sub\u003e) 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 The Effect of a Shockwave 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.1 Wave Drag 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8.2 Drag Divergence Mach Number 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 The Flying Controls 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 The Effect of the Aerofoil Profile 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.1 Thickness\/Chord Ratio 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10.2 Wing Camber 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Swept Wings 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 The Effect of Sweepback 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12.1 The Advantages of Sweepback 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12.1.1 Increased M\u003csub\u003eCRIT\u003c\/sub\u003e 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12.1.2 Aerodynamic Effects 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12.2 The Disadvantages of Sweepback 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Remedial Design Features 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13.2 High-Speed Ailerons 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Area Rule 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15 High-Speed-Flight Characteristics 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.1 High-Speed Buffet 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.2 Tuck Under 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.3 The Shock Stall 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.4 The Buffet Boundary 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15.5 Coffin Corner 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.16 Speed Instability 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.16.1 The Mach Trimmer 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.16.2 Lateral Instability 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17 The Supercritical Wing 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.18 Supersonic Airflow 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.18.1 The Convex Corner Mach Wave (Expansion Wave) 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.18.2 The Concave-Corner Shockwave 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 15 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Propellers 387\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Propeller Definitions 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Basic Principles 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Factors Affecting Propeller Efficiency 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Airspeed 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Fixed-Pitch Propellers 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Variable-Pitch Propellers 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Power Absorption 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Propeller-Blade Shape 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1.1 Blade Length 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1.2 Blade Chord 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Propeller-Blade Number 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Solidity 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 The Effects of a Propeller on Aeroplane Performance 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Torque 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Slipstream Effect 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Asymmetric Blade 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.4 Gyroscopic Effect 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Propeller Forces and Moments 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.1 Centrifugal Force (CF) 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.2 Centrifugal Twisting Moment (CTM) 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7.3 Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM) 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Propeller-Blade Positions 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 The Constant-Speed Unit (CSU) 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9.1 Propeller Windmilling 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9.2 Propeller Feathering 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9.3 Reverse Pitch 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 The Effect of a Constant Speed Propeller on a Glide Descent 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Engine Failure 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 16 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Operational Considerations 411\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Runway-Surface Contamination 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Surface Contaminants 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.1 Standing Water 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.2 Slush 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.3 Wet Snow 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.4 Dry Snow 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.5 Very Dry Snow 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.6 Compacted Snow 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.7 Ice 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.8 Specially Prepared Winter Runway 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.9 Mixtures 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.10 Contaminant Drag 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1.11 Water-Equivalent Depth 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 The Effect of Runway Contamination 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Take-off 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Aeroplane Contamination 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 The Effect of Heavy Rain 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 The Effect of Propeller Icing 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 The Effect of Airframe Icing 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Damage 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.5 The Effect of Turbulence 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Windshear 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 The Effect of Windshear 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.1 Energy Loss 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1.2 Energy Gain 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Downdraught 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.1 Take-off 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.2 Landing 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Countering Windshear 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 17 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 7 Conclusion \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e425\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Summary 427\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Aerofoil-Profile Definitions 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Aerofoil-Attitude Definitions 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Wing-Shape Definitions 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 High-Speed Definitions 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Propeller Definitions 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 V Speeds 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 PoF Formulae 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.1 Drag 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.2 Wing Loading\/Load Factor 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.3 Stalling Speed Calculations 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.3.1 Mass Change 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.3.2 Load Factor 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.3.3 Turn 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.4 Design Manoeuvre Speed (V\u003csub\u003eA\u003c\/sub\u003e) 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.5 Turn Details 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.5.1 Radius of Turn 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.5.2 Rate of Turn 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.6 Climb Calculations 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.7 Descent Calculations 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.7.1 Maximum Glide Range 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7.8 Mach Angle (µ) Calculation 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Key Facts 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Stalling 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9.1 The Maximum Coefficient of Lift (C\u003csub\u003eLmax\u003c\/sub\u003e) 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9.2 The Critical Angle 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9.3 The Stalling Speed 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Stability 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10.1 Static Stability 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10.2 Dynamic Stability 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10.3 The Stick Force 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10.4 The Gust Load Factor 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Propellers 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11.1 Propeller Efficiency 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11.2 Fixed Pitch Angle of Attack 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11.3 Propeller Gyroscopic Effect 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 The Effect of the Variables on Performance 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.1 Airframe Surface 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.2 Airframe Surface 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.3 Altitude 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.4 Aspect Ratio 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.5 Camber 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.6 CG Position 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.7 Flap 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.8 Sweepback 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.9 Dihedral 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12.10 Mass 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 18 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Solutions (with page references) 447\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 1 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 2 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 3 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 4 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 5 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 6 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 7 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 8 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 9 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 10 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 11 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 12 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 13 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 14 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0.1 Vx \u0026amp;Vy Mathematical Proof 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 15 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 16 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 17 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Assessment Exercise 18 Turn Calculations 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 461 \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Mechanical%20engineering%20\u0026amp;%20materials%20%5BTG%5D%22\"\u003eTG\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52173780517144,"sku":"9780470710739","price":54.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9780470710739.jpg?v=1781171868","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/principles-of-flight-for-pilots-paperback-softback-9780470710739","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}