{"product_id":"positivism-in-mexico-paperback-softback-9781477305324","title":"Positivism in Mexico (Paperback \/ softback) 9781477305324","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003ePositivism in Mexico\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eLeopoldo Zea (Author), Josephine H. Schulte (Translated by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781477305324, University of Texas Press\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003ePaperback \/ softback, published 1 January 1974\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e266 pages\u003cbr\u003e22.9 x 15.2 x 1.5 cm, 0.454 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e Positivism, not just an “ivory tower” philosophy, was a major force in the social, political, and educational life of Mexico during the last half of the nineteenth century. Once colonial conservatism had been conquered, the French Intervention ended, and Maximilian of Hapsburg executed, reformers wanted to create a new national order to replace the Spanish colonial one. The victorious liberals strove to achieve “mental emancipation,” a kind of second independence, which would abolish the habits and customs imposed on Mexicans by three centuries of colonialism. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e At this singular moment in Mexican history, positivism was offered as an extraordinary means and pathway to a new order. The next stage was the education of the Mexican people in this liberal philosophy and their incorporation into the process of development achieved by modern nations. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Leopoldo Zea traces the forerunners of liberal thought and their influence during JuÁrez’s time and shows how this ideology degenerated into an “order and progress” philosophy that served merely to maintain colonial forms of exploitation and, at the same time, to create new ones that were peculiar to the neocolonialism that the great nations of the world imposed on other peoples. Zea examines the regime of Porfirio DÍaz and its justification by the positivist philosophers of the period. He concludes that the conflict between exploited social groups, on the one hand, and foreign interests and a middle class on the margin of an oligarchy, on the other, brought about the movement known as the Mexican Revolution. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Preface to the English Translation \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Introduction \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e I. Philosophy and Its History \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 1. The Problem \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 2. Ideas about the History of Philosophy \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 3. Absolute and Circumstantial Truths \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 4. The Historical Method in Philosophy \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e II. Positivism in Mexican Circumstances \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 5. The Mexican Interpretations of Positivism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 6. The Positivist Generation \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 7. Mexican Positivists Defend Their Doctrine \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 8. The Interpretation Pursued in This Study \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e III. The Positivism of Auguste Comte \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 9. Comtism as the Expression of a Social Class \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 10. Order and Liberty \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 11. The New Order According to the Philosophy of Comte \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 12. The Ideal of Comtian Philosophy \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e IV. Mexican Positivism \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 13. Mexican Positivism as the Expression of a Social Group \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 14. Elements of Disorder in Mexican Society \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 15. The Law of the Three Phases of Mexican Positivism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 16. The Plan of This Work \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Section One: The Birth \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e I. The Positivist Interpretation of Mexican History \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 17. The Road Toward Emancipation \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 18. Mexico as a Link in the Mental Emancipation of Humanity \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 19. The Struggle between the Negative and Positive Forces in Mexico \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 20. Mexico, Last Bastion of the Positive Spirit or of Progress \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e II. Historical Circumstances in Mexico, 1867 \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 21. The Triumph of the Mexican Liberal Party \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 22. The Basis for the Establishment of Order \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 23. Application of the Positivist Doctrine to the Historical Circumstances of 1867 \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 24. The Adaptation of the Positivist Doctrine to the Religious Policy of the JuÁ\u003cbr\u003erez Government \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Section Two: The Origins \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e I. The Forces of Progress and Reaction \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 25. The Liberal Antecedent of Mexican Positivism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 26. The Forces of Reaction \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 27. Clerical and Military Interests \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 28. Civic Interests \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e II. Mexican Liberalism’\u003cbr\u003es Ideals of Education and Government \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 29. Education as a Class Instrument \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 30. Relations between the State and the Citizens \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 31. The State as an Instrument of a Faction and as an Instrument of Society \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 32. The State as the Guardian of Public Order \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e III. The Ideology of the Mexican Bourgeoisie in Its Combative Phase \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 33. “\u003cbr\u003eLiberty,”\u003cbr\u003e a Concept in the Service of a Social Class \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 34. Persuasion as an Ideological Tool of the Mexican Bourgeoisie \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 35. Respect for Ideas \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 36. The Thesis concerning the Rights of Others \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Section Three: The Development, “\u003cbr\u003eGabino Barreda”\u003cbr\u003e \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e I. Gabino Barreda and the Problem of Freedom \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 37. Freedom as an Individual Right \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 38. Freedom within the Positivist Order \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e II. Barreda’\u003cbr\u003es Defense of the Interests of the Mexican Bourgeoisie \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 39. The Defense of Catholicism against Jacobinism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 40. The Defense of Private Property \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 41. Noninterference of the State in Private Property \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 42. The Justification of Barreda’\u003cbr\u003es Ideas within the Mexican Reality of His Time \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e III. Gabino Barreda’\u003cbr\u003es Plan of Education \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 43. The Plan of Education Proposed by Barreda \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 44. Uniformity of Thought as a Basis for the Protection of the Social Order \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 45. Compulsory Education \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 46. Education as a Means to Avoid Social Anarchy \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 47. Jacobinism Considered by Barreda as the Chief Enemy of His Plan of Education \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e IV. Barreda’\u003cbr\u003es Defense of His Plan of Education \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 48. Attacks on Barreda’\u003cbr\u003es Plan of Education \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 49. The New Plan of Public Education and Its Criticisms \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 50. The Defense of Spiritual Power against Civil Power \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Section Four: The Development, “\u003cbr\u003eThe Disciples”\u003cbr\u003e \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e I. The Positivists and the Construction of the New Order \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 51. The Foundation of the AsociaciÓ\u003cbr\u003en MetodÓ\u003cbr\u003efila \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 52. A Feeling of Crisis in Barreda’\u003cbr\u003es Followers \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 53. The Rigor of the Positivist Method and What the Followers of Barreda Expected from Such Rigor \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e II. The Application of the Positivist Method \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 54. The Application of the Positivist Method to Philosophical Problems \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 55. The Strict Application of the Positivist Method Independent of Emotion and Sympathy \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e III. The Theory of Some Positivists concerning the Social Order \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 56. The Relationship between Superiors and Inferiors \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 57. The Relationship between Rich and Poor \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 58. The Relationship between Intellectual Superiors and Intellectual Inferiors \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 59. The Relationship between Sociology and Biology \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 60. The Application of Social Science to Social Problems \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 61. Positivism as the Justification for a Class Ideology \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e IV. The Creation of the Social Order \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 62. The Social Consequences of Barreda’\u003cbr\u003es Work \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 63. The Meaning of Order to the Generation Educated by Barreda \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 64. The Social Order that Resulted from the Educational Work of Barreda \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 65. The Order of the Mexican Bourgeoisie \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Section Five: The Utopia \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e I. Freedom of Conscience and Positivism \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 66. The Unconstitutionality of Positivist Education \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 67. Defense of the Constitutionality of Positivist Education \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 68. Freedom of Conscience Cannot Be Opposed to Social Order \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 69. The Enemies of Positivist Education \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e II. The Ideal of a New Positivist Spiritual Power \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 70. Society’\u003cbr\u003es Ideal of Accord among All Members of Society \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 71. Social Enforcement of the Principles of Positivism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 72. The New Spiritual Power \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 73. Spiritual Power Cannot Be Neutral \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e III. The Struggle for Spiritual Power \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 74. National Preparatory School Education Considered as Sectarian \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 75. The Clergy and Freedom of Conscience \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 76. Defense of the Social Validity of Positivism \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e 77. The Utopia of the Mexican Positivists \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Bibliography \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Index \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"University of Texas Press","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52589098369304,"sku":"9781477305324","price":18.69,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/positivism-in-mexico-paperback-softback-9781477305324","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}