{"product_id":"porphyrin-based-composites-materials-and-applications-hardback-9781394214389","title":"Porphyrin-Based Composites; Materials and Applications (Hardback) 9781394214389","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003ePorphyrin-Based Composites\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eMaterials and Applications\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eUmar Ali Dar (Edited by), Mohd. Shahnawaz (Edited by), Puja Gupta (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781394214389, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 9 May 2025\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e640 pages\u003cbr\u003e28 x 19 x 3.5 cm, 0.666 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscover the transformative potential of porphyrin-based composites in \u003ci\u003ePorphyrin-Based Composites\u003c\/i\u003e where readers will learn how these innovative materials enhance industrial sectors by combining multiple porphyrin components to create durable, sensitive, and efficient technologies that outperform traditional materials.\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book highlights the benefits of adopting porphyrin composites and discusses how they are used in different industrial sectors. Combining multiple porphyrin components is used to create materials with properties that are not possible with individual components, remove restrictions of water-insolubility, and ultimately lead to the development of durable and more sensitive technological materials. Composite materials have been essential to human life for thousands of years, beginning with the construction of houses by the first civilizations and advancing to modern technologies. Originating in the mid-twentieth century, composite materials show promise as a class of engineering materials that offer new opportunities for contemporary technology and have been beneficially incorporated into practically every sector due to their ability to choose elements, tune them to achieve the desired qualities, and efficiently use those features through design. Additionally, composite materials offer greater strength- and modulus-to-weight ratios than standard engineering materials. Materials based on porphyrin composites are used in a wide range of applications, including sensors, molecular probes, electrical gadgets, electronic devices, construction materials, catalysis, medicine, and environmental and energy applications. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReaders will find the book: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProvides an overview of several porphyrin composites as model materials for commercial settings;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscusses fundamental, experimental, and theoretical research on structural and physicochemical properties of porphyrin composites;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDemonstrates how complementary and alternative material designs that use porphyrin composites have evolved;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eEmphasizes important uses for cutting-edge, multipurpose materials that might contribute to a more sustainable society;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eOpens new possibilities by examining the role of developing unique hybrid, composite, and higher-order hierarchical materials that may be utilized to make valuable chemicals.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAudience\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers, academicians, chemists, industry experts, and students working in the fields of materials and environmental sciences, engineering, textiles, biology, and medicine.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I: Overview of Porphyrins 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Composite Materials Utilizing Porphyrin Template: An Overview 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eUmar Ali Dar, Shazia Nabi and Mohd Shahnawaz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Development and Construction of Porphyrin Composites 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Porphyrin Synthesis and Functionalization 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Synthesis of Porphyrin Composites 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Applications of Porphyrin-Based Composites 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Energy 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Device Materials 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Remediation 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Nanotechnology 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Agriculture 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Catalysis 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Future Perspectives 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Conclusion 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Porphyrin Composite Materials 19\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKishor Kumar Roy, Sudipto Mangal, Anirban Karak and Ankita Acharya\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Synthesis Methods for Porphyrin Composites 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Techniques 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Sol-Gel Methodology 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Electrospinning and Electrochemical Deposition 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Green Synthesis Approaches 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Organometallic Methodologies for Synthesis 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Comparative Analysis of Synthesis Techniques 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Characterization Techniques 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for Morphological Analysis 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for Structural Investigation 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Spectroscopic Techniques (UV-Vis and FTIR) for Chemical Analysis 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Mechanical Testing Methods (Tensile, Compression, and Flexural) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Physical Properties of Porphyrin Composite Materials 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Thermal Conductivity and Stability 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Optical Properties and Light Absorption 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Properties 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Magnetic Properties and Spin Dynamics 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Mechanical Properties of Porphyrin Composite Materials 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Flexural Strength and Toughness 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Impact Resistance and Fracture Toughness 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Fatigue Behavior and Endurance Limit 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Influence of Porphyrin Functionalization on Properties 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Impact of Peripheral Substitution 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Functional Groups and Surface Modification 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Doping and Alloying Effects 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Interfacial Interactions in Composite Systems 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Applications of Porphyrin Composite Materials 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Photovoltaics and Solar Cells 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Sensing and Detection Technologies 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Biomedical and Drug Delivery Applications 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.4 Catalysis and Environmental Remediation 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Conclusion 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Porphyrin Composite Materials Analysis, Design, Manufacturing and Production 47\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElif Esra Altuner, Fatih Sen and Umar Ali Dar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Porphyrin Aspects 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Methods for Obtaining \u0026amp; Producing Porphyrins 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Synthesis 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Trans-Substituted Porphyrins 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.3 Obtaining A 2 BC Tetra-Substituted Porphyrins 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Analogs Design of Porphyrins 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Analogs of Porphyrins 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1.1 Chlorines and Bacteriochlorines 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Composites 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Porphyrin-Based Composites 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Nano Porphyrin-Based Composites 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 (GQDs) and Porphyrin Composites 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Graphene Oxide-Porphyrin Composites 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Metalloporphyrins 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Types of Porphyrin-Based Composites Framework 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Porphyrin-Based MOFs 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Porphyrin-Based COFs 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Porphyrin-Based HOFs 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Few Important Methods for Analysis of Porphyrins 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Spectrophotometric Methods 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Voltammetric Analysis 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Analysis by HPLC Method 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Conclusion 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Advanced Characterization Methods and Characterization Types for Porphyrins 71\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElif Esra Altuner, Fatih Sen and Umar Ali Dar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Types of Characterization Techniques Utilized for Porphyrins Analysis 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 UV-Vis Analysis and Spectrometric Properties 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 NMR Analysis of Porphyrins 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Porphyrins 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 HOMO-LUMO Relations for Porphyrins 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Optical and Electro-Field Analysis 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Applications in Solar Cells 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 DLS Analysis for Porphyrins 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 AFM Analysis for Porphyrins 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusion 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II: Source, Design, Manufacturing, Properties and Fundamentals 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Spectroscopic Nonlinear Optical Characteristics of Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVennila S., Wai Siong Chai, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Loganathan K. and Pau Loke Show\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Porphyrins 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Chemical Characteristics of Porphyrins 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Synthesis of Porphyrin 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Adler-Longo Process of Porphyrin 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Porphyrin Synthesis in Two Steps with a Single Flask at Ambient Temperature 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposites Materials 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with Metal and Oxide Nanomaterials 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with Polymers 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with Biological Materials 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials with CNT or Carbon Fibers 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Properties of Porphyrin-Functionalized Nanocomposite Materials 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Spectral Properties 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.2 FTIR Spectroscopy 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.3 XRD Analysis 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1.4 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Nonlinear Optical Characteristics 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Electrochemical Advancements in Porphyrin Materials: From Fundamentals to Electrocatalytic Applications 113\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlma Mejri and Abdelmoneim Mars\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Electrochemical Fundamentals of Porphyrin-Based Materials 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Electrochemical Behavior of Porphyrin 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Key Parameters Influencing Porphyrin Electrochemistry 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Electrochemical Porphyrin-Based Materials 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Porphyrin-Based Materials for Electrocatalysis Applications 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Electrocatalysis Fundamentals 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Porphyrin-Based Materials for CO 2 Reduction 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Porphyrin-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.1 Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.2 Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3.3 Overall Electrochemical Water Spilling 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Conclusion and Outlooks 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Manifestation of Porphyrin Composites in Variety of Photocatalytic Processes 153\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJyoti Rani, Varinder Singh and Gaurav Goel\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Porphyrin Composites 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Synthesis of Porphyrin Composites 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Photocatalytic Applications of Porphyrin Composites 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Fuel by Water Splitting 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Metal Oxides–Porphyrin Composites 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Carbon Material–Porphyrin Composites 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes and Organic Pollutants 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.1 Conversion of CO 2 to Value-Added Chemicals 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Conclusions 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Use of Porphyrin Composite Materials as Catalyst in a Variety of Application Sectors 173\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShagufta Parveen M. A. Ansari and Riyaz Ahmad Dar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Related Works 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Porphyrin-Based MOFs: Synthesis Methods, Structural Characteristics, and Characterization Techniques 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Synthesis Methods 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Structural Characteristics and Characterization Techniques 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Design and Construction of Porphyrin-Based MOFs 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Design of Porphyrin-Based MOFs 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Porphyrin-Based MOF Construction 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Porphyrin-Based MOFs with Carboxylic Acid Linkers 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Porphyrin-Based MOFs with Nitrogen- Containing Heterocyclic Linkers 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Application of Porphyrin-Based MOFs 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 PhotoCatalytic Evolution of Hydrogen 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Catalytic Photolysis of CO 2 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Photocatalytic Fixation of Nitrogen 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Photocatalytic Removal of Pollutants 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.5 Photocatalytic Synthesis of Organic Compounds 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.6 Biosensing 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.7 Photodynamic Therapy with Porphyrin-Based MOFs 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.8 Advances in Fluorescence Imaging for Targeted Therapy 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.9 Sensing of pH 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III: Advantages and Applications of Porphyrin Composites Materials 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Porphyrin Composites Provide New Design and Building Construction Options 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXiaoquan Lu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Design Idea of Porphyrin Compound Material 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Design and Synthesis of Porphyrins MOFs 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Design and Synthesis of Porphyrin COFs 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Design and Synthesis of Porphyrins HOFs 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Design and Synthesis of Other Porphyrin-Based Composites 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Construction of Porphyrin Electrochemiluminescence Molecules 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Introduction to Electrochemiluminescence 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Electrochemiluminescence Mechanism 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Electrochemical Luminescence of Porphyrin Molecules Constructed by Molecular Regulation 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Electrochemical Luminescence of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Interfacial Electron-Induced Electrochemiluminescence 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Construction and Characterization of Porphyrin Surface Interface Transport Molecules 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Study of the Electron Transfer Process of Porphyrin at the Liquid\/Liquid Interface 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Study and Regulation of Photosensitized Materials and Their Models of Porphyrins 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Regulation of the Porphyrin Interface 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Composite of Porphyrins with Carbon-Based Materials 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Construction of Porphyrin Functionalized Graphene Nanomaterials 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Construction of Porphyrin-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Construction of Porphyrin Functionalized g-C 3 N 4 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Construction of Porphyrin-Functionalized Fullerenes 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Porphyrin-Based MOFs, COFs, HOFs Porous Materials and Properties 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Introduction and Application of Porphyrin MOFs 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Introduction and Application of Porphyrin COFs 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Brief Introduction and Application of Porphyrin HOFs 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.4 Brief Introduction and Application of Porphyrin POPs 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Construction of Composite Materials of Porphyrins and Metal Nanoparticles 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Construction and Application of Composite Materials 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Construction of Porphyrin-Based Core-Shell Structure Nanomaterials 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Properties of Porphyrin Nuclei 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Application of Porphyrin Nuclei 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Conclusion and Perspectives 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Development of Porphyria, Due to Defective Porphyrin Biosynthesis in the Human Body 259\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanthosh Kumar Rajamani and Radha Srinivasan Iyer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Porphyrin Composites in Medicine – An Introduction 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Nature of Porphyrins 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Porphyrin Biosynthesis in Humans 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Porphyria- Erythropoietic Disorders Due to Defects in Porphyrin Metabolism 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Acute Porphyrias 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1.1 Hepatic Porphyrias 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Cutaneous Porphyrias 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.1 Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.2 Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP) 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (cep) 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.4 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT) 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.5 Variegate Porphyria (VP) 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2.6 Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Acquired Porphyrias Due to EXCESsive Arsenic and Lead Exposure 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Diagnosis of Porphyrias 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Newer Therapeutics for Porphyrias: Givosiran Treatment and Afamelanotide Application 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Conclusion 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Porphyrin-Based Nanoparticles and Their Potential Scopes for Targeted Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy 273\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePrem Rajak, Sayanti Podder, Satadal Adhikary, Suchandra Bhattacharya, Saurabh Sarkar, Moutushi Mandi, Abhratanu Ganguly, Manas Paramanik and Sudip Paramanik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Porphyrin and Their Advantage in Medical Science 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Porphyrin-Based Nanoparticles (PBNPs) 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Porphysome 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Cerasomes 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Porphyrin-Based Micelles 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Porphyrin-Based Polymeric NPs 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Nanocarriers (NCs) 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Porphyrin-Conjugated Mesenchymal Stem Cells 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Metal-Metalloporphyrin Frameworks (MMPFs) 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Porphyrin-Loaded Covalent-Organic Frameworks (COFs) 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Porphyrin-Based Noble Metallic NPs 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Porphyrin-Based Quantum Dots 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Implication of PBNPs in Targeted Drug Delivery 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Potential Scope of PB-NPs in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Limitations 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 Conclusions 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Role and Scope of Porphyrin Composites in Biotechnology 299\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eElif Esra Altuner, Ghassan Issa, Fatih Sen and Umar Ali Dar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Therapeutic Roles of Porphyrins 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 The Role of Porphyrins in Medical Imaging 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the Role of Porphyrins 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) and Its Role in Porphyrins 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Fluorescence Imaging and Its Role in Porphyrins 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Bifunctional Functions of Porphyrin Conjugates 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusion 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Porphyrin Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion 315\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShazia Nabi and Umar Ali Dar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Porphyrin-Based Composites 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Functionalization of the Porphyrin with Conducting Polymers (CPs) 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Functionalization with Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Porphyrin-Based Framework Materials 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Porphyrin Composites for Energy Storage 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Porphyrin Composites as Capacitors 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Porphyrin Composites as Batteries 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Porphyrin Composites for Energy Conversion 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO 2 Rr) 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Summary and Conclusions 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Porous Organic Frameworks Based on Porphyrinoids for Clean Energy 367\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKharu Nisa, Ishfaq Ahmad Lone, Waseem Arif and Preeti Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 COFs in Catalysis 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 COF-Based Organic Materials and Their Synthesis 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Interfacial Synthesis 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Conventional Synthetic Methods 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Strategies of Multistep Synthesis (MSS) and Multicomponent Reaction (MCR) 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Designing of Porphyrin-Based COF Catalysts 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Post-Modification Methods 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Rr 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusion 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Porphyrin Composite Materials as an Electrode, a Material for Thin Films and Battery Components 383\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMd. Al-Riad Tonmoy, Sidur Rahman, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Abu Shahid Ahmed and A.K.M. Ahsanul Habib\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Porphyrin Composites as Electrode Materials 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Role of the Electrode in Energy Storage Devices 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1.1 Energy Storage 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1.2 Charge Transfer 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1.3 Electrode Design 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Electrochemical Properties of Porphyrin Composites 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.1 Electron Transfer Capability 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.2 Catalytic Activity 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.3 Electroactive Sites 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.4 Charge Storage 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2.5 Stability and Reversibility 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Role as Electrode in Fuel Cell 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3.1 Electrocatalyst in ORR of Fuel Cells 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Porphyrin Composites in Battery Components 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.1 Porphyrin Composite as Cathode Materials in LIB 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1.2 Porphyrin Composite as Anode Materials in LIB 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Redox-Flow Batteries 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Thin Films of Porphyrin Composites 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Thin Film Deposition Techniques for Porphyrin Composites 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1.3 Comparison with PVD and CVD 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Liquid-Phase Epitaxy (LPE) 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Structural and Morphological Properties of Porphyrin Composite Thin Films 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Porphyrin Thin Films 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Electronic Band Structure and Conductivity 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Applications of Porphyrin Thin Films in Various Sectors 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Sensors 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Future Directions and Emerging Trends 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Current State of Porphyrin Composite Research 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Emerging Trends in Porphyrin Composite Materials 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Future Prospects and Potential Breakthroughs 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Conclusion 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Porphyrin Composite Materials as Electronic Component: Electronic Devices and Electronic Gadgets 431\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMeenakshi Patyal, Kirandeep Kaur, Nidhi Gupta and Ashok Kumar Malik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Synthesis of Porphyrin and Porphyrin Composite Materials 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Synthesis of Porphyrin 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Synthesis of Porphyrin Composite Materials 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Porphyrin Composite Materials for Electronic Gadgets and Devices 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Porphyrin Composite–Based Metal-Organic Frameworks (PP-MOFs) 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Porphyrin Composite–Based Covalent Organic Frameworks (PP-COFs) 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Metal Phthalocyanine (MPc)–Based Organic Thin-Film Transistors 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Metal-Based Porphyrin Composites as Functional Devices 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Advances of Porphyrin Composites for the Effective Adsorption and Degradation of Pollutants 443\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVemula Madhavi and A. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Structural Features of Porphyrin Composites 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Synthesis and Properties of Different Porphyrin Composites 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Metal-Porphyrin Composites\/Metalloporphyrins 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Porphyrin Composites 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Polymer-Based Porphyrins 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Nanomaterial-Based Porphyrin 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Porphyrin-Based Materials for Selective Adsorption of Pollutants 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Adsorptive Removal of Organic Contaminants 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Adsorptive Degradation of Inorganic Contaminants 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Desorption, Regeneration, and Reusability of Porphyrin Materials 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Concluding Remarks 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Thin Film of Porphyrin for Heavy Metal Ion Sensing 473\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eParul Taneja and R.K. Gupta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Monolayer of Free Base Porphyrin Molecule and Its Characterization 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Experimental Setup of Surface Manometry 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Surface Manometry of Porphyrin Molecule 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Deposition of Monolayer on Piezoelectric-Based Transducer Surface 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.4 Characterization of Porphyrin Film 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Sensing Application of Tetraphenylporphyrin 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Piezoelectric-Based Sensing Setup 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Sensing of Cationic Species Using ILS Film of Porphyrin 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Characterization of Sensing Layer After Interaction with Metal Ions 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Conclusion 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Porphyrin Composite in the Agriculture and Food Industries 491\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDebarpan Dutta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Background 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Impact on Agriculture 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Supply of Agrochemicals 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Detection of Poisonous Chemicals (Toxins) 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 Removal of Toxins 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.4 Detection of Toxic Metal Ions 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.5 Removal of Poisonous Metal Ions 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.6 Photo-Radiated Anti-Microbial Action 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Impact on Food Industry 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Some Recent Investigations of Metal-Porphyrin Related to Food Industry 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 Use as Food Colorants 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Conclusion 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Porphyrin Nanocomposites for Synergistic Treatment and Diagnostics: Biostability, Biocompatibility, and Therapeutic Efficacy 519\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eArindam Mitra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Challenges of Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Strategies to Address the Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Evaluation of Biostability of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Biocompatibility of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Challenges of Biocompatibility of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Strategies to Improve the Biocompatibility of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Assessments of Biocompatibility In Vitro and In Vivo 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Therapeutic Efficacy of Porphyrin Nanocomposites 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Diagnostics Applications of Porphyrin Composites 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Conclusions 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Diversity, Stability, and Selectivity for Porphyrin-Based Composite Materials 539\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAafaq Tantray, Nitin Rode, Lina Khandare and Umar Ali Dar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Diversity in Porphyrin-Based Composite Materials 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Metalloporphyrins 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Covalent Porphyrin Frameworks (CPF) 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Porphyrin-Based Polymer Materials 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.4 Porphyrin Nanoparticles 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.5 Self-Assembled Porphyrin Materials 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Introduction to Various Composite Materials Incorporating Porphyrins 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1 Organic-Inorganic Hybrids 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.3 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.4 Polymers and Polymer Composites 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Stability of Porphyrin-Based Composite Materials 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1 Chemical Stability 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.2 Thermal Stability 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.3 Mechanical Stability 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Strategies to Enhance Stability of Porphyrins 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.1 Design and Synthesis Approaches 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.2 Surface Modifications and Encapsulation Techniques 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5.3 Post-Synthetic Stabilization Methods 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Conclusions 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Future Scope, Performance, Challenges, and Opportunities of Porphyrin Composite Materials 553\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eN. H. Vasoya and K. B. Modi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Future Scope of Porphyrin Composite Materials 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.1 Enhanced Optoelectronic Properties 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.2 Advanced Energy Conversion Systems 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.3 Catalysis and Environmental Applications 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.4 Biomedical Applications and Therapeutics 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.5 Sensing and Detection 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2.6 Emerging Fields and Cross-Disciplinary Applications 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Performance Characteristics of Porphyrin Composite Materials 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.1 Optical Properties 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.2 Electrical Conductivity 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.3 Thermal Stability 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.4 Mechanical Strength and Flexibility 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.5 Chemical Stability 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3.6 Charge Transfer and Transport Properties 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Challenges in Developing Porphyrin Composite Materials 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.1 Scalability and Manufacturing Processes 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.2 Stability and Longevity 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.3 Cost-Effectiveness 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4.4 Toxicity and Environmental Concerns 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Opportunities for Porphyrin Composite Materials 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.1 Energy Conversion and Storage 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.2 Photocatalysis and Water Splitting 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.3 Environmental Remediation 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.4 Biomedical Imaging and Therapeutics 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.5 Chemical and Biological Sensing 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5.6 Smart Materials and Electronics 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Conclusion 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 597\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Mechanical%20engineering%20\u0026amp;%20materials%20%5BTG%5D%22\"\u003eTG\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Scrivener","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52433208082712,"sku":"9781394214389","price":179.59,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781394214389.jpg?v=1784851842","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/porphyrin-based-composites-materials-and-applications-hardback-9781394214389","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}