{"product_id":"pharmaceutical-blending-and-mixing-hardback-9780470710555","title":"Pharmaceutical Blending and Mixing (Hardback) 9780470710555","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003ePharmaceutical Blending and Mixing\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eP. J. Cullen (Edited by), PJ Cullen (Author), Rodolfo J. Romañach (Edited by), Nicolas Abatzoglou (Edited by), Chris D. Rielly (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780470710555, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 17 July 2015\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e512 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.2 x 17.8 x 3 cm, 0.921 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eWritten in four parts, this book provides a dedicated and in-depth reference for blending within the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. It links the science of blending with regulatory requirements associated with pharmaceutical manufacture. The contributors are a combination of leading academic and industrial experts, who provide an informed and industrially relevant perspective of the topic. This is an essential book for the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, and related academic researchers in pharmaceutical science and chemical and mechanical engineering.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eContributor List xv \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Fundamentals of Mixing 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Mixing Theory 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eChris D. Rielly\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Describing Mixtures 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Scale of Scrutiny 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Quantifying Mixedness for Coarse and Fine‐Grained Mixtures 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Coarse and Fine‐Grained Mixtures 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Scale and Intensity of Segregation 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Determining the End‐Point of Mixing: Comparison of Mixing Indices 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Continuous Flow Mixers 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Idealized Mixing Patterns 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Residence Time Distributions 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Back‐Mixing and Filtering of Disturbances Using a CSTR 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Turbulent Mixing Fundamentals 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSuzanne M. Kresta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Velocity Field and Turbulence 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Circulation and Macro‐Mixing 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Fully Turbulent Limits and the Scaling of Turbulence 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 The Spectrum of Turbulent Length Scales, Injection of a Scalar (Either Reagent or Additive) and the Macro‐, Meso‐ and Micro‐Scales of Mixing 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Turbulence and Mixing of Solids, Liquids, and Gases 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Specifying Mixing Requirements for a Process 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Conclusions 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotation 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoman Characters 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek Characters 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Laminar Mixing Fundamentals 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eP.J. Cullen and N.N. Misra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Laminar Flows 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Mixing in Laminar Flows 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Chaos and Laminar Chaotic Mixing 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Granular Chaotic Mixing 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Recent Advances 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Sampling and Determination of Adequacy of Mixing 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRodolfo J. Romañach\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction, Process Understanding, and Regulations 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Theory of Sampling 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Sampling of Pharmaceutical Powder Blends 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Stratified Sampling Approach 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Testing 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Process Knowledge\/Process Analytical Technology 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Real Time Spectroscopic Monitoring of Powder Blending 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Looking Forward, Recommendations 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Conclusion 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Acknowledgments 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Applications 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Particles and Blending 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eReuben D. Domike and Charles L. Cooney\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Particle Geometry 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Particle Size and Size Distribution 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Particle Shape and Shape Distribution 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Particle Interactions 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 van der Waals Forces 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Electrostatic Forces 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Adsorbed Liquid Layers and Liquid Bridges 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Solid Bridges 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Use of AFM to Measure Interparticle Forces 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Interparticle Friction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Empirical Investigations of Particles and Blending 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Blending of Powders 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Impact of Particle Geometry on Blending 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Impact of Interparticle Forces on Blending 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Impact of Blender Conditions on Blending 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Simulation Techniques 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Full Physics Models Using Discrete Element Modeling 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Continuum Models 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Cellular Automata 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Continuous Powder Mixing 101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eJuan G. Osorio, Aditya U. Vanarase, Rodolfo J. Romañach, and Fernando J. Muzzio\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Overview 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Theoretical Characterization 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Modeling 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Variance Reduction Ratio 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Experimental Characterization 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Hold‐Up 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Measurements 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Mean Strain 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Continuous Mixing Efficiency 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Variance Reduction Ratio 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Blend Homogeneity 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Effects of Process Parameters on Mixing Behavior and Performance 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Hold‐Up 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 RTD Measurements 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Mixing Performance 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Modeling 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 PAT, QbD, and Control 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Conclusions and Continuing Efforts 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Dispersion of Fine Powders in Liquids: Particle Incorporation and Size Reduction 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eGül N. Özcan-Taşkın\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Particle Incorporation into Liquids 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Wetting 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Stirred Tanks for Particle Incorporation 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 In‐Line Devices Used for Particle Incorporation 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Break Up of Fine Powder Clusters in Liquids 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Mechanisms of Break Up 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Process Devices for DeagglomerationSize Reduction of Agglomerates 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Wet Granulation and Mixing 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eKaren P. Hapgood and Rachel M. Smith\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Nucleation 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Drop Penetration Time 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Dimensionless Spray Flux 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Nucleation Regime Map 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Consolidation and Growth 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Granule Consolidation 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Granule Growth Behaviour 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Granule Growth Regime Map 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Breakage 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Single Granule Strength and Deformation 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 In‐Granulator Breakage Studies 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Aiding Controlled Granulation via Breakage 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Endpoint Control 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Granulation Time 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Impeller Power Consumption 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Online Measurement of Granule Size 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 NIR and Other Spectral Methods 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Emulsions 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndrzej W. Pacek\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Properties of Emulsions 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Morphology 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Volumetric Composition 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Drop Size Distributions and Average Drop Sizes 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Rheology 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Emulsion Stability and Surface Forces 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Surface Forces 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Emulsion Stability 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Principles of Emulsion Formation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Low Energy Emulsification 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 High Energy Emulsification 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Emulsification Equipment 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Stirred Vessels 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Static Mixers 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 High Shear Mixers 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 High‐Pressure Homogenizers 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Ultrasonic Homogenizers 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Concluding Remarks 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek symbols 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Mixing of Pharmaceutical Solid‐Liquid Suspensions 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMostafa Barigou and Frans L. Muller\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Linking Solid‐Liquid Processing to Critical Quality Attributes 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Material Properties and Composition 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Impact of Blending and Homogenization 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Impact of Turbulence 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Impact of Heat Transfer 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Scale‐Up of Operations Involving Solid Suspensions 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 The Nature of Suspensions 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Scale‐Up and Scale‐Down Rules 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Identification of Agitator Duties 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Solid‐Liquid Unit Operations 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 General Principles of Solid‐Liquid Suspensions 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Rheological Behaviour of the Continuous Phase 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Rheology of Suspensions 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Terminal Velocity of Particles 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Turbulence 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Solids Charging 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Charging to Batch Vessels 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Charging Difficult Powders 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Solid Suspension 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 States of Solid Suspension 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Prediction of Minimum Speed for Complete Suspension 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Solid Distribution 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Agitator Speed 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Homogeneity 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Geometry 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Practical Guidelines 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Blending in Solid‐Liquid Systems 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Mixing Time 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Viscoplastic Slurries Yield Stress and Cavern Formation 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Mass Transfer 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Size Reduction, Deagglomeration and Attrition 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Breaking Particles through Turbulent Forces 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.2 Breaking Particles through Impact 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek symbols 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Equipment 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Powder Blending Equipment 289\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid S. Dickey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Blending Mechanisms 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Blend Time 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Fill Level 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Segregation 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Powder Processing Difficulties 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Blender Classification 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Tumble Blenders 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Rotating Element Blenders 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Granulators 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Other Blenders – Mullers and Custom Blenders 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Continuous Blenders 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Blender Selection 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Equipment Specifications 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.1 Materials of Construction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.2 Electrical Classification 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10.3 Drives and Seals 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Fluid Mixing Equipment Design 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid S. Dickey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Equipment Description 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Laboratory Mixers 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Development Mixers 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Portable Mixers 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Top-Entering Mixers 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5 High-Shear Dispersers 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6 High Viscosity Mixers 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.7 Multi-Shaft Mixers 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.8 Bottom-Entering Mixers 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.9 Glass-Lined Mixers and Vessels 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.10 Side-Entering Mixers 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.11 Vessel Geometry 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.12 Baffles 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Measurements 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Power 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Torque 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Tip Speed 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Blend Time 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Mixing Classifications 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Liquid Mixing 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Solids Suspension 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Gas Dispersion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Viscous Mixing 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Mechanical Design 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Shaft Design 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Shaft Seals 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Materials of Construction 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Surface Finish 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.5 Motors 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.6 Drives 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Static Mixers 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Twisted Element 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Structured Element 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Basic Design 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Challenges and Troubleshooting 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Careful Observations 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Process Problems 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Scale‐Up 345\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eDavid S. Dickey\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Similarity and Scale‐Up Concepts 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Dimensional Analysis 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Similarity 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Applied Scale‐Up 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Testing Methods 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Observation and Measurement 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Scale‐Up Methods 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Scale‐Up with Geometric Similarity 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Example of Geometric Similarity Scale‐Up 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Scale‐Up Without Geometric Similarity 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Example of Non‐Geometric Scale‐Up 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Scale‐Up for Powder Mixing 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Summary 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreek 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Equipment Qualification, Process and Cleaning Validation 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eIan Jones and Chris Smalley\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Blending Equipment Commissioning and Qualification 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Outline of the Verification Approach 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Requirements Phase 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Specifications and Design Review Phase 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Verification Phase 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Blending and Mixing Validation 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Why do You Need to Validate Pharmaceutical Blends\/Mixes? 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 When do You Need to Validate Blending\/Mixing? 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Components of Blending\/Mixing Validation 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 What to Validate 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Blending Cleaning Validation 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Cleaning Development Studies 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Cleaning Validation 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Conclusion 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Acknowledgements 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Optimization and Control 401\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Process Analytical Technology for Blending 403\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eNicolas Abatzoglou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 The Role of PAT in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Is PAT Really New? 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Why PAT is Feasible 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Where PAT can be Applied in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 The Regulatory Framework 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Chemometrics and Data Management 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 PAT Data Management and Interpretation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Raman Spectroscopy (RS) 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Image Analysis 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 LIF Spectroscopy 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Effusivity 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Other Potential Sensor Technologies 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Comments on PAT in Liquid Formulation Mixing 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Imaging Fluid Mixing 431\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eMi Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Point Measurement Techniques 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Photographic Imaging 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Digital Particle Image Velocimetry 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Positron Emission Particle Tracking Imaging 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Electrical Process Tomography 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Discrete Element Method (DEM) Simulation of Powder Mixing Process 459\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eAli Hassanpour and Mojtaba Ghadiri\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction to DEM and its Application in Pharmaceutical Powder Processing 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 DEM Simulation of Powder Mixing 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Validation and Comparison with the Experiments 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Concluding Remarks 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 479\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Industrial chemistry \u0026amp; manufacturing technologies [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Industrial chemistry \u0026amp; manufacturing technologies\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Industrial%20chemistry%20\u0026amp;%20manufacturing%20technologies%20%5BTD%5D%22\"\u003eTD\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52278023127320,"sku":"9780470710555","price":110.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9780470710555.jpg?v=1781456100","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/pharmaceutical-blending-and-mixing-hardback-9780470710555","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}