{"product_id":"management-of-radioactive-waste-hardback-9781786307224","title":"Management of Radioactive Waste (Hardback) 9781786307224","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eManagement of Radioactive Waste\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eJean-Claude Amiard (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781786307224, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 22 October 2021\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e272 pages\u003cbr\u003e1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eThe classification of radioactive waste varies from state to state. This results in different management procedures for each country, while following IAEA and OECD\/NEA recommendations.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRadioactive waste comes from numerous sources. The largest volumes are generated by the decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear facilities. Long-lived, medium- and high-activity waste – categorized as the most hazardous types of waste – are in fact largely produced by nuclear power reactors, spent fuel reprocessing plants and nuclear accidents.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFinal disposal of very low-activity, low-activity and very short-lived waste is well controlled. However, final solutions for certain categories, including long-lived waste, sorted waste and spent graphite waste, are not yet in place.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eManagement of Radioactive Waste\u003c\/i\u003e reviews all the possible solutions and presents those chosen by the various states, including a chapter detailing policy on radioactive waste management, taking France as an example.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1. Classifications and Origins of Radioactive Waste \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1. Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2. What is radioactive waste? 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3. Classifications of nuclear waste 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1. General information on the classification of radioactive waste 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2. The IAEA’s recommendations 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3. The French classification of radioactive waste 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4. American classification 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5. British classification 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6. Russian classification 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.7. Comparisons of the various classifications 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.8. Classification of sealed sources 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4. Origins of nuclear waste 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1. The main radionuclides in radioactive waste 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2. Wastes related to the nuclear fuel cycle 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3. Nuclear waste from electricity production 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4. Nuclear waste related to military activities 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5. Wastes related to medical and industrial uses 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.6. Nuclear waste related to the dismantling of nuclear installations 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.7. Waste from nuclear accidents 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5. The global radioactive waste balance 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6. Conclusions 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2. Nuclear Waste Disposal Methods \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1. Introduction. How do we get rid of nuclear waste? What solutions are there for nuclear waste in the future? 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2. Nuclear waste management 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1. Dilutions 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2. Decontamination 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3. Reduction of the volume of radioactive waste 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4. Radioactive waste immobilizations 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5. The separation of radionuclides 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6. Packaging of radioactive waste packages 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7. Physical decay 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8. Final storage 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.9. Transport of nuclear materials and radioactive waste 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3. The special case of long-lived radioactive waste management 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1. Treatment and packaging 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2. Temporary storage facilities 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3. Long-term storage 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4. Storage in the seabed 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5. Geological storage in a deep continental repository 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6. Sending into space 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.7. Immobilization in polar ice 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.8. Transmutation 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4. Conclusions 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3. Management of Historic Radioactive Waste and Low-level Waste Around the World \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e67\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1. Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2. Management of historical radioactive waste 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1. Uranium extraction and concentration waste 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2. Direct discharges of liquid wastes into waterways and reservoirs 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3. Historical military waste 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4. The ancient uses of radium 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5. Submergence in the ocean floor 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3. International recommendations of the IAEA and NEA 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1. General recommendations 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2. Recommendations concerning graphite waste 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3. Radioactive waste management solutions 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4. Waiting and processing time for nuclear fuel 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5. The need for teaching 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4. Some examples of radioactive waste management 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1. International inventories of radioactive waste 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2. Surface storage 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3. Geological disposal of radioactive waste 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5. Radioactive waste outside the nuclear fuel cycle 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1. Hospital and healthcare waste 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2. Industrial and research waste 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6. Conclusions 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4. Management of Intermediate- and High-level Nuclear Waste \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e97\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1. Introduction 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2. International recommendations of the IAEA and NEA 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1. Spent fuel management 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2. Management of radioactive waste resulting from a nuclear accident 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3. Final repositories in deep geological layers 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4. Site selection criteria 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5. Temporal evolution of a deep geological repository 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6. Underground laboratory 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.7. Retrievability and recovery 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.8. Safety file 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.9. Decision-making 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.10. Long-term evolution and post-closure monitoring 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3. High-level radioactive waste management and the public 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1. Public perception of the geological repository project 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2. Public information or communication about the geological repository project 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3. Measures to support a radioactive waste management project 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4. Public participation in the geological repository project 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5. Information for future generations 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4. Alternative solutions 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1. Underwater temporary storage 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2. An interim solution: dry storage 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3. A waiting stage: long-term storage 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4. The American perspective of deep drilling 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5. Management of high-level radioactive waste by the various States 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1. States advocating a closed nuclear fuel cycle 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2. States that have reprocessed spent fuel in the past 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3. States with an open nuclear fuel cycle 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6. Conclusions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5. Nuclear Waste Management in France \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1. Introduction 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2. Direct discharges into the environment 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1. The nuclear study centers 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2. Nuclear reactors 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3. Fuel cycle plants 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3. The inventory of nuclear waste in France 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1. Military waste 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2. Civilian waste 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4. Nuclear waste management in France 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1. The regulatory context 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2. The National Radioactive Materials and Waste Management Plan (PNGMDR) 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3. The different actors in nuclear waste management in France 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5. The organization of storage for identified waste 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1. The various types of containers 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2. The management of very short-lived radioactive waste 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3. Management of very low-level radioactive waste 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4. Disposal centers for low- and intermediate-level short-lived nuclear waste in France 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5. Management of low-level, long-lived nuclear waste in France 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.6. Management of long-lived intermediate- and high-level waste in France 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.7. Fierce opposition and the arrival of social problems 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.8. A centralized pool as an interim option 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.9. Radioactive waste from the reprocessing of foreign spent fuel 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6. The management of specific waste and waste without a channel 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1. Management of historical waste 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2. Storage of tritiated waste 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3. Waste of natural origin 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4. Submerged waste 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7. French challenges to the radioactive waste management policy 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8. Conclusions 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1. Shortcomings in several categories of radioactive waste 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2. Recent developments in French nuclear policy 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3. Policy change on the closed cycle? 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.4. Redefinition of radioactive waste and radioactive material 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.5. The cost of waste management 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6. General Conclusions \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1. Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2. The main problems concerning radioactive waste 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1. The problem of multiple classifications 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2. Radioactive waste or nuclear material? 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3. Waste without a channel 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4. Long-lived waste 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5. Very low-level waste 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3. Innovations in radioactive waste management 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1. Research on separation and transmutation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2. Research on the aging of packaging 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3. Research on recycled nuclear fuel and cladding 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4. Research on deep burial 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5. Communication to the public 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Acronyms 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 251\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Agriculture \u0026amp; farming [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Agriculture \u0026amp; farming\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Agriculture%20\u0026amp;%20farming%20%5BTV%5D%22\"\u003eTV\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-ISTE","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52446763090200,"sku":"9781786307224","price":119.57,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781786307224.jpg?v=1785113142","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/management-of-radioactive-waste-hardback-9781786307224","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}