{"product_id":"how-to-use-multivariate-statistics-in-descriptive-research-making-the-invisible-visible-paperback-softback-9781394362608","title":"How to Use Multivariate Statistics in Descriptive Research; Making the Invisible Visible (Paperback \/ softback) 9781394362608","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eHow to Use Multivariate Statistics in Descriptive Research\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eMaking the Invisible Visible\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eGary J. Conti (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781394362608, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003ePaperback \/ softback, published 15 June 2026\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e208 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.2 x 17.8 x 1.5 cm, 0.431 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReveal hidden patterns in your data using multivariate descriptive analysis\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany researchers believe multivariate statistics belong only to inferential research, leaving powerful analytical tools unused in descriptive studies. \u003ci\u003eHow to Use Multivariate Statistics in Descriptive Research: Making the Invisible Visible\u003c\/i\u003e challenges this assumption directly, demonstrating how factor analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis can expose patterns and relationships that simpler methods overlook – transforming how social and behavioral scientists understand their data. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten in clear, practical language, this book provides step-by-step instructions for conducting multivariate analyses using SPSS, R, and Excel. Each chapter features real-world illustrations that ground abstract concepts in concrete applications. Reflective sections titled ”Revealing the Opening Quote” connect statistical insights to broader understanding, helping readers see beyond numbers to meaningful interpretation. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReaders will also find: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetailed guidance on applying factor analysis to identify underlying constructs within complex descriptive datasets and research questions\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCluster analysis techniques that group observations based on shared characteristics, revealing natural patterns invisible to univariate approaches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDiscriminant analysis methods that classify cases and predict group membership using multiple variables simultaneously for clearer interpretation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePractical software tutorials walking through each statistical procedure in SPSS, R, and Excel with reproducible examples\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eChapter-ending reflections that bridge statistical technique to conceptual understanding, reinforcing both mechanical skill and interpretive insight\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesigned for educators, graduate students, and researchers in the social and behavioral sciences, this book empowers readers to move beyond basic descriptive statistics. By mastering multivariate techniques, researchers gain the ability to detect hidden structures in their data and communicate findings with greater precision and confidence.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection One a New Perspective on Descriptive Research 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Reframing Your Perspectives 7\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur Journey to Reframing 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote About References 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Descriptive Research 14\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Design 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Research 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Statistics 17\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential Concepts 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate vs Univariate 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistics 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Statistics for Beating Up on Data 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection Two Procedures for Making the Invisible Visible 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Discriminant Analysis 33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Discriminant Analysis? 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstablishing Groups 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypotheses and Criteria for Evaluation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the Output 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssumptions and Related Methods 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing Groups with Discriminant Analysis 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of the Structure Matrix 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of Group Means 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Example 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Computing Discriminant Analysis 41\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS Commands 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenu Commands for Discriminant Analysis 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyntax Commands for Discriminant Analysis 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR Coding 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR Code for Discriminant Analysis 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStepwise Discriminant Analysis in R: A Cautionary Note 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcel Procedures 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing XLSTAT 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManual Steps in Excel (Approximated) 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Cluster Analysis 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCluster Analysis 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Clustering Methods 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterpreting the Clusters 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing with Cluster Analysis 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Computing Cluster Analysis 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS Commands 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenu Commands for Cluster Analysis 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyntax Commands for Cluster Analysis 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommands for Quick Cluster 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR Coding 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR Code for Cluster Analysis 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCustomizing and Troubleshooting the Clustering and Frequency Codes in R 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcel Procedures 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcel’s Capabilities for Cluster Analysis 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Power of R: A Free, Open- Source Alternative 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion: Best of Both Worlds 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Factor Analysis 75\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroducing Factor Analysis 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining the Number of Factors 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaming the Factors 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConducting a Factor Analysis 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1: Initiating the Analysis 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2: Extracting Factors 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 3: Rotating the Factors 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcluding Phase: The Grand Finale! 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing with Factor Analysis 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Computing Factor Analysis 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPSS Commands 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMenu Commands for Factor Analysis 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyntax Commands for Factor Analysis 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR Coding 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eR Code for Factor Analysis 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusting Parameters 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Data from Excel 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcel Procedures 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackground 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSteps for Running Excel 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations of Factor Analysis in Excel 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample of Excel Workflow 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection Three Multivariate Procedures in Action 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 The Questionnaire 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaires 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing Factor Analysis 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Example 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructing the Questionnaire 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplying Factor Analysis 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcerpt: Factor Analysis 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Building Synergy: Combining Factor, Cluster, and Discriminant Analysis in Descriptive Research 124\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire Validation: Factor Analysis 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWet vs Dry: Discriminant Analysis 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcerpt: Discriminant Analysis 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinding Natural Groups: Cluster Analysis 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcerpt: Cluster Analysis 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeaming the Procedures 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcerpt: Cluster and Discriminant Analysis 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Seeing with New Eyes: Integrating Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods to Enhance Descriptive Research 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Research Traditions: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative Research: Measuring the Visible 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQualitative Research: Illuminating the Invisible 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed Methods Research: Bridging the Divide 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplementarity: Making the Invisible Visible 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombining Methods 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Strategies 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing Learning Strategies 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpanding the Integration 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal Thought 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection Four Abstracts of Actual Studies 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Abstracts of Studies 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications for You 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRevealing the Opening Quote 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Strategies in Tribal Colleges 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Strategies and Reflective Judgment 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Strategies in Canada 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning- Disabled Adult Students 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSign Language Interpreters 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Strategies and Athletic Training 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRehabilitation Educators 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial Education Teacher Candidates 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClients at a One- Stop Career Center 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Strategies and Cultural Awareness 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbstract 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComment on Quote for Chapter 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Take Action! 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatterns in the Data 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow to Report Your Findings 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYour Challenge! 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal Reflection 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 187\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Psychology [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Psychology\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Psychology%20%5BJM%5D%22\"\u003eJM\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52433824678168,"sku":"9781394362608","price":45.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781394362608.jpg?v=1784854223","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/how-to-use-multivariate-statistics-in-descriptive-research-making-the-invisible-visible-paperback-softback-9781394362608","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}