{"product_id":"hazards-and-treatment-of-wastewater-contaminants-hardback-9781394217342","title":"Hazards and Treatment of Wastewater Contaminants (Hardback) 9781394217342","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eHazards and Treatment of Wastewater Contaminants\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eDipika Jaspal (Author), Arti Malviya (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781394217342, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 11 December 2025\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e560 pages\u003cbr\u003e22.9 x 15.2 x 3.3 cm, 1.012 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOVERVIEW OF THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINANTS IN WASTEWATER WITH INFORMATION ON TREATMENT METHODS FOR EACH CONTAMINANT\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHazards and Treatment of Wastewater Contaminants \u003c\/i\u003epresents the gist of extensive research that is being carried out on several contaminants, which pose a threat to the environment and living organisms. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eHazards and Treatment of Wastewater Contaminants\u003c\/i\u003e, readers will find: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInsights on the connection between water quality and water body deterioration\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChapter-by-chapter discussion on different categories of possible contaminants in wastewater and different treatment methods used\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInformation on specific contaminants such as dyes, pesticides, oil, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, etc. that can render wastewater unsuitable for reuse\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStudies giving due emphasis to incorporating novel methods and integrating different techniques and materials for wastewater treatment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eHazards and Treatment of Wastewater Contaminants \u003c\/i\u003eserves as an excellent reference for professionals, researchers, and students in the fields of environmental science, chemical and civil engineering.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Water Pollution: A Global Concern – Facts and Figures 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Sustainable Development Goals 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Climate Change and Water Stress 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Wastewater and Its Types 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.1 Storm Water\/Surface Runoff 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.2 Domestic or Municipal Wastewater 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.3 Agricultural Wastewater 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3.4 Industrial Wastewater 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Wastewater Characteristics 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Color 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Odor 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Turbidity 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Nutrients 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Surfactants 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Hazards of Wastewater and the Need for Treatment 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Aquatic Ecosystem 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Humans 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Need to Treat Wastewater 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Scope and Objectives of the Book 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Overview of Contaminants 17\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Contaminants 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Harm Posed by Contaminants 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Sewage Wastewater 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Nonsewage Wastewater 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Industrial Contaminants 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Agricultural Runoffs 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Oil Spill 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Radioactive Contaminants 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Microbial Contaminants 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Emerging Contaminants 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6.1 Microplastics 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6.2 Surfactants 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6.3 Pharmaceuticals 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Detecting Contaminants 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Physical Methods 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Chemical Methods 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Biological Methods 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Electrochemical Methods 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.5 Advanced Analytical Methods 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Removal of Wastewater Contaminants 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Incidents of Contamination: Case Studies 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Flint, Michigan Water Crisis (2014) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 West Virginia Chemical Spill – Charleston (2014) 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.4 Contamination of the River Ganga in India 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.5 Minamata Bay Disaster (1932–1968) 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Successful Elimination of Contaminants 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Tuas Water Reclamation Plant (Singapore) 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Wastewater Reclamation (Taiwan) 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) (Japan) 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.4 Constructed Wetlands (Sweden) 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.5 Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment (Saudi Arabia) 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Important Considerations 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.1 Education and Public Awareness 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.2 Prevention of Pollution at Source and Best Practices 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.3 Wastewater Management 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.4 Use of Technology 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.5 Research and Development 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.6 Polluted Water Body Restoration 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.7 Policies and Collaboration 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Challenges 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Sewage Wastewater: Sources, Characteristics, and Treatment 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Characteristics of Sewage Wastewater 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Sewage Physical Characteristics 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Chemical Features of Sewage 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Biological Features of Sewage 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Preliminary Treatment 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 Screening 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Grit Chamber 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.3 Detritus Tank 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.4 Skimming Tanks 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Primary Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Sedimentation 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 Sedimentation with Coagulation 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Secondary Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 Anaerobic Treatment Method 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.3 Other Biological Methods 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Tertiary Treatment of Sewage Wastewater 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Case Studies 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study of the Delawas District, Jaipur, India 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study of the Okhla District, New Delhi, India 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Industrial Contaminants 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Industrial Wastewater 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Wastewater Contaminants from Different Industries 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Mining Industry 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Agricultural Industry 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Iron and Steel Industry 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Nuclear Industry 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Pulp, Paper, and Textile Industry 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Food Industry 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.7 Organic Chemicals Industry 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.8 Recreation Industry 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Categories of Industrial Contaminants 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Monitoring and Detection of Industrial Contaminants 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Environment 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Fate of the Contaminants 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Toxicity of Industrial Wastewater 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Impact on Waterbodies 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Impact on Soil and Groundwater 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Impact on Human Health 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystem 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Impact of Some Specific Contaminants 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Treatment Technologies 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Adsorption 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Membrane Separation and Technologies 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Electro-technologies 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.5 Integrated Techniques 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.6 Constructed Wetlands and Integrated Wetlands 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Case Studies of Industrial Contamination of Water Bodies 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Groundwater Pollution in Southeast Vietnam 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 The Elk River Chemical Spill, West Virginia 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Minamata Disease (Kumamoto Prefecture) 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.4 Kala Shah Kaku Industrial Complex, Pakistan 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Industry Best Practices 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Zero Liquid Discharge 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Advanced Treatment Technologies for Wastewater 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.3 Adoption of Green Alternatives 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.4 Regulatory Compliance 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.5 Industrial Wastes and Wastewater Through the Circular Economy 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Challenges and Research Directions 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Heavy Metals in Wastewater – Toxicity Assessment and Remediation 113\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Point Sources 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Nonpoint or Diffuse Sources 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Toxicity Assessment 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Effect on Aquatic Organisms 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Effects on Plants 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Effect on Human Health 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Treatment Methods 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Novel Methods for Aqueous Heavy Metal Remediation 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Adsorption by Novel Adsorbents 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Phytoremediation 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Photocatalysis 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Electrochemical Method 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Nanotechnology for Metal Removal 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Permissible Limits of Heavy Metals in Water Bodies 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Case Studies 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Kutubdia Channel in Bangladesh: Contamination of Water and Sediments by Metals 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Heavy Metal Contamination of River Cauvery, Tamil Nadu, India 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Dye Wastewater Characteristics and Treatment 153\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Classification of Dyes 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Toxicity Assessment of Dyes 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Toxicity in the Aqueous Environment 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Toxicity Effects on the Living Organisms 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Treatment of Dye Wastewater 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Physical Treatment 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Chemical Treatment 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.1 Ozonation 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.2 Wet Air Oxidation 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.3 Fenton Process 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2.4 Photodegradation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Biological Treatment 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Novel\/Hybrid Treatment Methods 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Legislative Guidelines for Dye-loaded Wastewater 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Case Studies 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant – Arequipa, Peru 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Efficiency Analysis of Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant of Foshan, China 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Contamination by Oil Spills 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Characteristics of Oils 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Important Oil Properties 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Oil Behavior in the Aquatic Environment 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Impacts of Oil Spills 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Impacts on the Environment 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.1 Marine Ecosystems 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.2 Coastal Ecosystems 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1.3 Contamination of Water Bodies 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Impacts on Humans 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Economic Impacts 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Detection of Oil Spills and Monitoring 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Remote Sensing 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Laser Fluorosensors 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.4 Ground Penetrating Radars (GPR) 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.5 Recent Techniques 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Technologies and Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Some Important Studies 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Innovative Techniques 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Integration of Methods 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4.1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Prevention 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Important Factors in the Cleanup Activity 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Environmental Factors 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 Nature of the Oils 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.3 Technological Factors 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.4 Organizational Factors 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.5 Socioeconomic and Political Factors 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Treatment of Oil Spills 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.1 Use of Skimmers 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.2 Oil-absorbent Pads 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.3 Burning In Situ (Thermal Remediation) 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.4 Sorbents 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.5 Hot Water and High Pressure Washing 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.6 Oil Spill Dispersants 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.7 Oil Boom 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.8 Manual Labor 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.9 Bioremediation 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Some Major Oil Spill Incidents 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.1 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.2 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.3 Prestige Oil Spill 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10.4 Montara Oil Spill 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Disposal and Treatment of Wastes Generated 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Strategies for Prevention and Mitigation 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Legislation and Role of Authorities in the Cleanup of Oil Spills 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13.1 The US Regulations 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13.2 The UK Regulations 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Pesticide Elimination from Hydro Environment 231\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Classification of Pesticides 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Scenario of Global Pesticide Consumption 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Toxicity Assessment of Pesticides 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Treatment of Pesticide Wastewater 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Physical Treatment Methods 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.1 Membrane Filtration 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.2 Plasma Process 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.3 Ultrasonication 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.4 Adsorption 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1.5 Evaporation Beds 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Chemical Treatment Method 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.1 Iron-enhanced Sand Filters 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.2 Chlorination 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.4 Photochemical Degradation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.5 Ozonation 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.6 Fenton Process 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2.7 Electrocoagulation 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Biological Treatment Methods 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.1 Pesticide Degradation Using Ligninolytic Fungi 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.2 Pesticide Degradation Using Bioaugmented Activated Sludge 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.3 Pesticide Degradation Using Microbial Consortium 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.4 Pressurized Activated Sludge for Pesticide Elimination 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.5 Combined Aerobic and Anaerobic Biological Treatment 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3.6 Membrane Bioreactor for Pesticide Removal 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Hybrid Technologies 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Legislative Framework of Pesticides 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Case Studies 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 Removal of Pentachlorophenol from Wastewater 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Pesticide Removal from Secondary Wastewater of Waste Treatment Plant, Tunisia 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Radioactive Contaminants 271\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Detection of Radioactive Contaminants 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Gamma Ray Spectrometry 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Mass Spectrometry 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Alpha Spectrometry 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Beta Counting 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Methods of Treatment 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Chemical Precipitation and Coagulation 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Membrane Technique 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Sorption 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Photo-induced\/AOP Processes 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Bioremediation 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) and Ion Exchange 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7 Evaporative Method 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.8 Integrated Methods 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Case Studies on Radioactive Contaminants 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Hanford Site, Washington, USA 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster, Japan 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Mayak Facility and the Techa River, Russia 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Chernobyl Disaster, Soviet Union 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Technologies and Materials Studied for Radioactive Contaminants 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Novel Technologies 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Materials for Radionuclide Wastewater Remediation 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Role of Regulatory Authorities 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Challenges and Future Needs 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Microbes as Contaminants 317\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Treatment Methods 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Primary Sedimentation 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Coagulation-flocculation 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Filtration 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Conventional Disinfection 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.5 Chlorination 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.6 Ultraviolet (UV) Light 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.7 Ozonation 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.8 Waste Stabilization Ponds 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.9 Constructed Wetlands 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.10 Novel Methods 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.10.1 Carbon Nanotubes 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.10.2 Membrane Bioreactor 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.10.3 Biofilters 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.10.4 Advanced Oxidation Process 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Pharmaceutics as Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater: Hazards and Removal Technologies 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Sources of Pharmaceutical Waste 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facilities 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Healthcare Facilities 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Personal Care Products 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Veterinary Institutions 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Wastewater Treatment Plants 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.6 Landfills 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.7 Other Sources 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Types of Pharmaceutical Waste 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Toxicity Assessment 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Treatment Methods 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Physical Treatment Methods 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.1 Autoclaving 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.2 Precipitation 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.3 Ion Exchange 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.4 Coagulation 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.5 Floatation Process 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.6 Solvent Extraction Process 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1.7 Evaporation 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Physio-chemical Methods 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.1 Advanced Oxidation Process 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.2 Photocatalytic Degradation 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.3 Electrochemical Removal 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.4 Ozonation 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.5 Adsorption 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2.6 Metal–Organic Frameworks 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Biological Treatment 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3.1 Constructed Wetlands 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3.2 Anaerobic Treatment 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3.3 Activated Sludge Process 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Novel Technologies 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4.1 Membrane Separation Technology 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4.2 Membrane Bioreactor System 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Legislative Framework of Pharmaceuticals 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Case Studies 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Sewerage Treatment Plant, Ghana 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Using High-rate Algal Pond 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Surfactants: Behavior and Remediation Process 381\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Sources of Surfactants 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Types of Surfactants 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Toxicity Assessment of Surfactants 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Surfactants and the Abiotic Environment 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Surfactants in the Biotic Environment 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Analytical Techniques for Surfactants 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Treatment Techniques 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Physical Treatment 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Chemical Treatment 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Biological Treatment 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Integrated Treatment Methods 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Legislative Framework for Surfactant Discharge 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Case Studies 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Surfactant-loaded Wastewater – Lion Corporation, Thailand 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 River Tigris, Iraq – A Surfactant Loaded Freshwater Source 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Fertilizers and Nutrients 415\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Fertilizers in Agriculture 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Types of Fertilizers 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.1 Inorganic Fertilizers 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.2 Organic Fertilizers 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.3 Slow-release Fertilizers 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1.4 Micronutrient Fertilizers 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Hazards of Fertilizers in Water\/Wastewater 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Pathways of Contamination by Fertilizers 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.1 Leaching 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.2 Surface Runoff 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.3 Agricultural Drainage 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1.4 Acid Rain Due to Deposition in the Atmosphere 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Impact on the Water Quality 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2.1 Eutrophication 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2.2 Mechanism of Eutrophication 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Consequences of Eutrophication and Nutrients in Water 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Control of Eutrophication and Nutrients in Water 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Regulating Nutrient Inlet in the Water Bodies 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Improving Methods Adopted in Wastewater Treatment Plants 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Management of Agricultural Practices 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.4 Public Contribution 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.5 Regulatory Authorities 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.6 Effluent Diversion 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.7 Phosphate Striping and Buffer Striping 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.8 Treatment Using Constructed Wetlands 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.9 Other Methods 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.10 Ecological Approaches 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The USEPA for Nutrient Pollution 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Policies and Schemes for the Use of Fertilizers 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 The EU Nitrates Directive (1991) 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 The US Clean Water Act (1972) 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.3 New Soil Health Card Scheme (2015) 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Case Studies on Fertilizer Contamination 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 Dead Zone – Gulf of Mexico 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 Punjab – Groundwater Nitrate Pollution 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.3 China – Eutrophication of Lake Water 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Efforts on Successful Remediation 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.1 Strategies Adopted in Denmark 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.2 Initiatives for Organic Farming in Europe 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9.3 Wetland Restoration Techniques 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Management of Fertilizer Use 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Technologies and Methods for Nutrient Removal 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Recent Studies on Nutrient Removal 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Microplastics 453\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Challenges in the Recycling of Plastics 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Plastics to Microplastics 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Toxicity Assessment of MPs 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Legislation for MP Management 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Treatment of Microplastic-containing Wastewater 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Primary Treatment 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Secondary Treatment 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Tertiary Treatment 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4 Newer Treatment Methods 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.1 Biomass-based Treatment 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.2 Membrane Technology 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.4 Electrocoagulation 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.5 Photocatalysis 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.6 Plasma Technology 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.7 Phytoremediation 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.4.8 Biotechnological Methods 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Case Studies 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 MP Removal Efficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Zhengzhou, China 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Groundwater Contamination by MPs 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Performance and Mechanism 495\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Mechanisms of Different Processes 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Adsorption 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Ion Exchange 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Membrane Filtration 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.4 Coagulation 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.6 Fenton Process 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.7 Electro-Fenton Process 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.8 Ozone Treatment 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.9 Electrochemical Oxidation 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.10 Photocatalytic Degradation 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.11 Sonochemical Method 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.12 Biologically Assisted Degradation 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.13 Membrane Bioreactor 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.14 Constructed Wetlands 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.15 Phytoremediation 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions and Recommendations 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 535\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52433217454360,"sku":"9781394217342","price":153.49,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781394217342.jpg?v=1784852081","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/hazards-and-treatment-of-wastewater-contaminants-hardback-9781394217342","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}