{"product_id":"handbook-of-measurement-in-science-and-engineering-volume-3-hardback-9781118647240","title":"Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 3 (Hardback) 9781118647240","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eHandbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 3\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eMyer Kutz (Edited by), M Kutz (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781118647240, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 1 July 2016\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e832 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.6 x 18 x 4.3 cm, 1.565 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science.\" \u003ci\u003e— Lord Kelvin\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement is at the heart of any engineering and scientific discipline and job function. Whether engineers and scientists are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful data.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering\u003c\/i\u003e is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering and scientific measurements—beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, \u003ci\u003eVolume 3\u003c\/i\u003e covers measurements in physics, electrical engineering and chemistry:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eLaser Measurement Techniques\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMagnetic Force Images using Capacitive Coupling Effect\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eScanning Tunneling Microscopy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMeasurement of Light and Color\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMeasuring Time and Comparing Clocks\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eLaboratory-Based Gravity Measurement\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eCryogenic Measurements\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTemperature-Dependent Fluorescence Measurements\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eVoltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eElectric Power and Energy Measurement\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eChemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eLiquid Chromatography\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine-Containing Proteins\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFluorescence Spectroscopy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eX-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNear Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eNanomaterials Properties\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eChemical Sensing\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering\u003c\/i\u003e will also prove ideal for academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVOLUME 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePREFACE xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VII Physics and Electrical Engineering 1943\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e54 Laser Measurement Techniques 1945\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCecil S. Joseph, Gargi Sharma, Thomas M. Goyette, and Robert H. Giles\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1 Introduction, 1945\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1.1 History and Development of the MASER, 1945\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1.2 Basic Laser Physics, 1946\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1.3 Laser Beam Characteristics, 1951\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1.4 Example: CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Laser Pumped Far‐Infrared Gas Laser Systems, 1956\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1.5 Heterodyned Detection, 1959\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1.6 Transformation of Multimode Laser Beams from THz Quantum Cascade Lasers, 1962\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1.7 Suggested Reading, 1965\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2 Laser Measurements: Laser‐Based Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems, 1965\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2.1 ISAR Theory, 1966\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2.2 DFT in Radar Imaging, 1967\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2.3 Signal Processing Considerations: Sampling Theory, 1970\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2.4 Measurement Calibration, 1971\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2.5 Example Terahertz Compact Radar Range, 1972\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2.6 Suggested Reading, 1974\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3 Laser Imaging Techniques, 1974\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3.1 Imaging System Measurement Parameters, 1975\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3.2 Terahertz Polarized Reflection Imaging of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers, 1981\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3.3 Confocal Imaging, 1985\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3.4 Optical Coherence Tomography, 1987\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3.5 Femtosecond Laser Imaging, 1990\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3.6 Laser Raman Spectroscopy, 1996\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3.7 Suggested Reading, 1997\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 1997\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e55 Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect 2001\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eByung I. Kim\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1 Introduction, 2001\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2 Experiment, 2004\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2.1 Principle, 2004\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2.2 Instrumentation, 2004\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2.3 Approach, 2005\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.3 Results and Discussion, 2006\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.3.1 Separation of Topographic Features from Magnetic Force Images Using Capacitive Coupling Effect, 2007\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.3.2 Effects of Long‐Range Tip–Sample Interaction on Magnetic Force Imaging: A Comparative Study Between Bimorph‐Driven System and Electrostatic Force Modulation, 2012\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.4 Conclusion, 2020\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2021\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 2025\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKwok‐Wai Ng\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.1 Introduction, 2025\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.2 Theory of Operation, 2026\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.3 Measurement of the Tunnel Current, 2030\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.4 The Scanner, 2032\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.5 Operating Mode, 2035\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6 Coarse Approach Mechanism, 2036\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.7 Summary, 2041\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2042\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e57 Measurement of Light and Color 2043\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohn D. Bullough\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.1 Introduction, 2043\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.2 Lighting Terminology, 2043\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.2.1 Fundamental Light and Color Terms, 2043\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.2.2 Terms Describing the Amount and Distribution of Light, 2047\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.2.3 Terms Describing Lighting Technologies and Performance, 2048\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.2.4 Common Quantities Used in Lighting Specification, 2052\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.3 Basic Principles of Photometry and Colorimetry, 2056\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.3.1 Photometry, 2056\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.3.2 Colorimetry, 2063\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4 Instrumentation, 2072\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4.1 Illuminance Meters, 2072\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4.2 Luminance Meters, 2072\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4.3 Spectroradiometers, 2074\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2074\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e58 The Detection and Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 2075\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eClair J. Sullivan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.1 Introduction, 2075\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.2 Common Interactions of Ionizing Radiation, 2076\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.2.1 Radiation Interactions, 2076\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.3 The Measurement of Charge, 2077\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.3.1 Counting Statistics, 2078\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.3.2 The Two Measurement Modalities, 2080\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4 Major Types of Detectors, 2081\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4.1 Gas Detectors, 2081\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4.2 Ionization Chambers, 2086\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4.3 Proportional Counters, 2090\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4.4 GM Detectors, 2092\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4.5 Scintillators, 2092\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4.6 Readout of Scintillation Light, 2094\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.4.7 Semiconductors, 2096\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5 Neutron Detection, 2100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5.1 Thermal Neutron Detection, 2102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5.2 Fast Neutron Detection, 2104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6 Concluding Remarks, 2106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e59 Measuring Time and Comparing Clocks 2109\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJudah Levine\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.1 Introduction, 2109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.2 A Generic Clock, 2109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3 Characterizing the Stability of Clocks and Oscillators, 2110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3.1 Worst‐Case Analysis, 2111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3.2 Statistical Analysis and the Allan Variance, 2113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.3.3 Limitations of the Statistics, 2116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.4 Characteristics of Different Types of Oscillators, 2117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5 Comparing Clocks and Oscillators, 2119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6 Noise Models, 2121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6.1 White Phase Noise, 2121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6.2 White Frequency Noise, 2122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6.3 Long‐Period Effects: Frequency Aging, 2123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6.4 Flicker Noise, 2124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.7 Measuring Tools and Methods, 2126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.8 Measurement Strategies, 2129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.9 The Kalman Estimator, 2133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.10 Transmitting Time and Frequency Information, 2135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.10.1 Modeling the Delay, 2136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.10.2 The Common‐View Method, 2137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.10.3 The “Melting‐Pot” Version of Common View, 2138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.10.4 Two‐Way Methods, 2139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.10.5 The Two‐Color Method, 2139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.11 Examples of the Measurement Strategies, 2141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.11.1 The Navigation Satellites of the GPS, 2141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.11.2 The One‐Way Method of Time Transfer: Modeling the Delay, 2144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.11.3 The Common‐View Method, 2145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.11.4 Two‐Way Time Protocols, 2147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.12 The Polling Interval: How Often Should I Calibrate a Clock?, 2152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.13 Error Detection, 2155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.14 Cost–Benefit Analysis, 2156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.15 The National Time Scale, 2157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.16 Traceability, 2158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.17 Summary, 2159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.18 Bibliography, 2160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60 Laboratory‐Based Gravity Measurement 2163\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCharles D. Hoyle, Jr.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.1 Introduction, 2163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2 Motivation for Laboratory‐Scale Tests of Gravitational Physics, 2164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.3 Parameterization, 2165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4 Current Status of Laboratory‐Scale Gravitational Measurements, 2166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4.1 Tests of the ISL, 2166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4.2 WEP Tests, 2167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4.3 Measurements of G, 2167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5 Torsion Pendulum Experiments, 2167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5.1 General Principles and Sensitivity, 2168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5.2 Fundamental Limitations, 2168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5.3 ISL Experiments, 2171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5.4 Future ISL Tests, 2172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5.5 WEP Tests, 2176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5.6 Measurements of G, 2176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6 Microoscillators and Submicron Tests of Gravity, 2177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6.1 Microcantilevers, 2177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6.2 Very Short‐Range ISL Tests, 2177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.7 Atomic and Nuclear Physics Techniques, 2178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements, 2178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61 Cryogenic Measurements 2181\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRay Radebaugh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1 Introduction, 2181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2 Temperature, 2182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2.1 ITS‐90 Temperature Scale and Primary Standards, 2182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2.2 Commercial Thermometers, 2183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2.3 Thermometer Use and Comparisons, 2193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2.4 Dynamic Temperature Measurements, 2199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3 Strain, 2201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3.1 Metal Alloy Strain Gages, 2202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3.2 Temperature Effects, 2203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3.3 Magnetic Field Effects, 2204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3.4 Measurement System, 2205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3.5 Dynamic Measurements, 2205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4 Pressure, 2205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4.1 Capacitance Pressure Sensors, 2206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4.2 Variable Reluctance Pressure Sensors, 2206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4.3 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors, 2208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4.4 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors, 2210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5 Flow, 2211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5.1 Positive Displacement Flowmeter (Volume Flow), 2212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5.2 Angular Momentum Flowmeter (Mass Flow), 2212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5.3 Turbine Flowmeter (Volume Flow), 2213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5.4 Differential Pressure Flowmeter, 2213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5.5 Thermal or Calorimetric (Mass Flow), 2216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5.6 Hot‐Wire Anemometer (Mass Flow), 2217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.6 Liquid Level, 2218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.7 Magnetic Field, 2219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.8 Conclusions, 2220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e62 Temperature‐Dependent Fluorescence Measurements 2225\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJames E. Parks, Michael R. Cates, Stephen W. Allison, David L. Beshears, \u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eM. Al Akerman, and Matthew B. Scudiere\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.1 Introduction, 2225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.2 Advantages of Phosphor Thermometry, 2227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.3 Theory and Background, 2227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.4 Laboratory Calibration of Tp Systems, 2235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5 History of Phosphor Thermometry, 2238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.6 Representative Measurement Applications, 2239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.6.1 Permanent Magnet Rotor Measurement, 2239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.6.2 Turbine Engine Component Measurement, 2240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.7 Two‐Dimensional and Time‐Dependent Temperature Measurement, 2241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.8 Conclusion, 2243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e63 Voltage and Current Transducers for Power Systems 2245\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlo Muscas and Nicola Locci\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.1 Introduction, 2245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.2 Characterization of Voltage and Current Transducers, 2247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3 Instrument Transformers, 2248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3.1 Theoretical Fundamentals and Characteristics, 2248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3.2 Instrument Transformers for Protective Purposes, 2252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3.3 Instrument Transformers under Nonsinusoidal Conditions, 2253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3.4 Capacitive Voltage Transformer, 2254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4 Transducers Based on Passive Components, 2255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4.1 Shunts, 2255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4.2 Voltage Dividers, 2256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4.3 Isolation Amplifiers, 2257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5 Hall‐Effect and Zero‐Flux Transducers, 2258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5.1 The Hall Effect, 2258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5.2 Open‐Loop Hall‐Effect Transducers, 2259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5.3 Closed‐Loop Hall‐Effect Transducers, 2259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.5.4 Zero‐Flux Transducers, 2262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.6 Air‐Core Current Transducers: Rogowski Coils, 2262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7 Optical Current and Voltage Transducers, 2267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7.1 Optical Current Transducers, 2268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7.2 Optical Voltage Transducer, 2271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7.3 Applications of OCTs and OVTs, 2272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences and Further Reading, 2273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64 Electric Power and Energy Measurement 2275\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlessandro Ferrero and Marco Faifer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.1 Introduction, 2275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.2 Power and Energy in Electric Circuits, 2276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.2.1 DC Circuits, 2276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.2.2 AC Circuits, 2277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3 Measurement Methods, 2282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3.1 DC Conditions, 2282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.3.2 AC Conditions, 2285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4 Wattmeters, 2288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4.1 Architecture, 2288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.4.2 Signal Processing, 2289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.5 Transducers, 2290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.5.1 Current Transformers, 2291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.5.2 Hall‐Effect Sensors, 2296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.5.3 Rogowski Coils, 2297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.5.4 Voltage Transformers, 2299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.5.5 Electronic Transformers, 2302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.6 Power Quality Measurements, 2303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart Viii CHEMISTRY 2307\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e65 An Overview of Chemometrics for the Engineering and Measurement Sciences 2309\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrad Swarbrick and Frank Westad\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.1 Introduction: The Past and Present of Chemometrics, 2309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.2 Representative Data, 2311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.2.1 A Suggested Workflow for Developing Chemometric Models, 2313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.2.2 Accuracy and Precision, 2313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.2.3 Summary of Representative Data Principles, 2316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.3 Exploratory Data Analysis, 2317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.3.1 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis, 2317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.3.2 Cluster Analysis, 2318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.3.3 Principal Component Analysis, 2323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4 Multivariate Regression, 2352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4.1 General Principles of Univariate and Multivariate Regression, 2352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4.2 Multiple Linear Regression, 2354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4.3 Principal Component Regression, 2355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4.4 Partial Least Squares Regression, 2356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5 Multivariate Classification, 2369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5.1 Linear Discriminant Analysis, 2370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5.2 Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy, 2372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5.3 Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, 2381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.5.4 Support Vector Machine Classification, 2383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.6 Techniques for Validating Chemometric Models, 2385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.6.1 Test Set Validation, 2386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.6.2 Cross Validation, 2388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7 An Introduction to Mspc, 2389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7.1 Multivariate Projection, 2389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7.2 Hotelling’s T2 Control Chart, 2390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7.3 Q‐Residuals, 2391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7.4 Influence Plot, 2391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7.5 Continuous versus Batch Monitoring, 2392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7.6 Implementing MSPC in Practice, 2394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.8 Terminology, 2397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.9 Chapter Summary, 2401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e66 Liquid Chromatography 2409\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhao Li, Sandya Beeram, Cong Bi, Ellis Kaufmann, Ryan Matsuda, Maria Podariu, Elliott Rodriguez, Xiwei Zheng, and David S. Hage\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.1 Introduction, 2409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.2 Support Materials in Lc, 2412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.3 Role of the Mobile Phase in Lc, 2413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.4 Adsorption Chromatography, 2414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.5 Partition Chromatography, 2415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.6 Ion‐Exchange Chromatography, 2417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7 Size‐Exclusion Chromatography, 2419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.8 Affinity Chromatography, 2421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.9 Detectors for Liquid Chromatography, 2423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.10 Other Components of Lc Systems, 2426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements, 2427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e67 Mass Spectroscopy Measurements of Nitrotyrosine‐Containing Proteins 2431\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eXianquan Zhan and Dominic M. Desiderio\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.1 Introduction, 2431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.1.1 Formation, Chemical Properties, and Related Nomenclature of Tyrosine Nitration, 2431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.1.2 Biological Roles of Tyrosine Nitration in a Protein, 2432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.1.3 Challenge and Strategies to Identify a Nitroprotein with Mass Spectrometry, 2432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.1.4 Biological Significance Measurement of Nitroproteins, 2434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2 Mass Spectrometric Characteristics of Nitropeptides, 2434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2.1 MALDI‐MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide, 2434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2.2 ESI‐MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide, 2437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2.3 Optimum Collision Energy for Ion Fragmentation and Detection Sensitivity for a Nitropeptide, 2438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.2.4 MS\/MS Spectral Characteristics of a Nitropeptide under Different Ion‐Fragmentation Models, 2440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.3 Ms Measurement of in vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins, 2443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.3.1 Importance of Measurement of In Vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins, 2443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.3.2 Commonly Used In Vitro Nitroproteins and Their Preparation, 2443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.3.3 Methods Used to Measure in Vitro Synthetic Nitroproteins, 2444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.4 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins, 2446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.4.1 Importance of Isolation and Enrichment of In Vivo Nitroprotein\/Nitropeptide Prior to MS Analysis, 2446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.4.2 Methods Used to Isolate and Enrich In Vivo Nitroproteins\/Nitropeptides, 2446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5 Ms Measurement of In Vivo Nitroproteins in Different Pathological Conditions, 2449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6 Biological Function Measurement of Nitroproteins, 2456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6.1 Literature Data‐Based Rationalization of Biological Functions, 2457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6.2 Protein Domain and Motif Analyses, 2459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6.3 Systems Pathway Analysis, 2459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.6.4 Structural Biology Analysis, 2460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.7 Pitfalls of Nitroprotein Measurement, 2462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.8 Conclusions, 2463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature, 2464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments, 2465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e68 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2475\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYevgen Povrozin and Beniamino Barbieri\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.1 Observables Measured in Fluorescence, 2476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.2 The Perrin–Jabłoński Diagram, 2476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3 Instrumentation, 2479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3.1 Light Source, 2480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3.2 Monochromator, 2480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3.3 Light Detectors, 2481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3.4 Instrumentation for Steady‐State Fluorescence: Analog and Photon Counting, 2483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3.5 The Measurement of Decay Times: Frequency‐Domain and Time‐Domain Techniques, 2484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.4 Fluorophores, 2486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5 Measurements, 2487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5.1 Excitation Spectrum, 2487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5.2 Emission Spectrum, 2488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5.3 Decay Times of Fluorescence, 2490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5.4 Quantum Yield, 2492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5.5 Anisotropy and Polarization, 2492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.6 Conclusions, 2498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading, 2498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e69 X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 2499\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGrant Bunker\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.1 Introduction, 2499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2 Basic Physics of X‐Rays, 2499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2.1 Units, 2500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2.2 X‐Ray Photons and Their Properties, 2500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2.3 X‐Ray Scattering and Diffraction, 2501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2.4 X‐Ray Absorption, 2502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.2.5 Cross Sections and Absorption Edges, 2503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.3 Experimental Requirements, 2505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.4 Measurement Modes, 2507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5 Sources, 2507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5.1 Laboratory Sources, 2507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5.2 Synchrotron Radiation Sources, 2508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5.3 Bend Magnet Radiation, 2509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5.4 Insertion Devices: Wigglers and Undulators, 2509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6 Beamlines, 2512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6.1 Instrument Control and Scanning Modes, 2512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6.2 Double‐Crystal Monochromators, 2513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6.3 Focusing Conditions, 2514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6.4 X‐Ray Lenses and Mirrors, 2515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.6.5 Harmonics, 2516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7 Detectors, 2518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7.1 Ionization Chambers and PIN Diodes, 2519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.7.2 Solid‐State Detectors, SDDs, and APDs, 2520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8 Sample Preparation and Detection Modes, 2521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8.1 Transmission Mode, 2521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8.2 Fluorescence Mode, 2521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8.3 HALO, 2522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8.4 Sample Geometry and Background Rejection, 2523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8.5 Oriented Samples, 2525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.9 Absolute Measurements, 2526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 2529\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKenneth R. Metz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.1 Introduction, 2529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.2 Historical Review, 2530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.3 Basic Principles of Spin Magnetization, 2531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.4 Exciting the NMR Signal, 2534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.5 Detecting the NMR Signal, 2538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.6 Computing the NMR Spectrum, 2540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.7 NMR Instrumentation, 2542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.8 The Basic Pulsed FTNMR Experiment, 2550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.9 Characteristics of NMR Spectra, 2551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.9.1 The Chemical Shift, 2552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.9.2 Spin–Spin Coupling, 2557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.10 NMR Relaxation Effects, 2563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.10.1 Spin–Lattice Relaxation, 2563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.10.2 Spin–Spin Relaxation, 2565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.10.3 Quantitative Analysis by NMR, 2568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.11 Dynamic Phenomena in NMR, 2568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.12 Multidimensional NMR, 2573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.13 Conclusion, 2580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e71 Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Role in Scientific and Engineering Applications 2583\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrad Swarbrick\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1 Introduction to Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy and Historical Perspectives, 2583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1.1 A Brief Overview of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Usage, 2583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.1.2 A Short History of NIR, 2585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2 The Theory behind Nir Spectroscopy, 2588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2.1 IR Radiation, 2588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2.2 The Mechanism of Interaction of NIR Radiation with Matter, 2588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2.3 Absorbance Spectra, 2591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3 Instrumentation for Nir Spectroscopy, 2595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.1 General Configuration of Instrumentation, 2595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.2 Filter‐Based Instruments, 2597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.3 Holographic Grating‐Based Instruments, 2598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.4 Stationary Spectrographic Instruments, 2600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.5 Fourier Transform Instruments, 2601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.6 Acoustooptical Tunable Filter Instruments, 2603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.7 Microelectromechanical Spectrometers, 2604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.8 Linear Variable Filter Instruments, 2605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.9 A Brief Overview of Detectors Used for NIR Spectroscopy, 2606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.3.10 Summary, 2608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4 Modes of Spectral Collection and Sample Preparation in Nir Spectroscopy, 2609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4.1 Transmission Mode, 2609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4.2 Diffuse Reflectance, 2611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4.3 Sample Preparation, 2613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4.4 Fiber Optic Probes, 2617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.4.5 Summary of Sampling Methods, 2619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5 Preprocessing of Nir Spectra for Chemometric Analysis, 2620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5.1 Preprocessing of NIR Spectra, 2621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5.2 Minimizing Additive Effects, 2621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5.3 Minimizing Multiplicative Effects, 2627\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.5.4 Preprocessing Summary, 2633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6 A Brief Overview of Applications of Nir Spectroscopy, 2633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6.1 Agricultural Applications, 2634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6.2 Pharmaceutical\/Biopharmaceutical Applications, 2636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6.3 Applications in the Petrochemical and Refining Sectors, 2644\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.6.4 Applications in the Food and Beverage Industries, 2646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.7 Summary and Future Perspectives, 2647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.8 Terminology, 2648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e72 Nanomaterials Properties 2657\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul J. Simmonds\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.1 Introduction, 2657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.2 The Rise of Nanomaterials, 2660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from High Surface‐Area‐to‐Volume Ratio, 2661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.1 The Importance of Surfaces in Nanomaterials, 2661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.2 Electrostatic and Van der Waals Forces, 2662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.3 Color, 2663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.4 Melting Point, 2663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.5 Magnetism, 2664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.6 Hydrophobicity and Surface Energetics, 2664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.7 Nanofluidics, 2666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.8 Nanoporosity, 2668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.9 Nanomembranes, 2669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.10 Nanocatalysis, 2670\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.11 Further Increasing the SAV Ratio, 2671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.12 Nanopillars, 2672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.13 Nanomaterial Functionalization, 2673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.3.14 Other Applications for High SAV Ratio Nanomaterials, 2674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.4 Nanomaterial Properties Resulting from Quantum Confinement, 2674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.4.1 Quantum Well Nanostructures, 2677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.4.2 Quantum Wire Nanostructures, 2682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.4.3 Quantum Dot Nanostructures, 2691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.5 Conclusions, 2695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e73 Chemical Sensing 2707\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eW. Rudolf Seitz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.1 Introduction, 2707\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2 Electrical Methods, 2709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2.1 Potentiometry, 2709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2.2 Voltammetry, 2713\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2.3 Chemiresistors, 2715\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2.4 Field Effect Transistors, 2716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3 Optical Methods, 2717\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3.1 In situ Optical Measurements, 2717\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy, 2719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.3.3 Indicator‐Based Optical Sensors, 2721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.4 Mass Sensors, 2722\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.5 Sensor Arrays (Electronic Nose), 2724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 2724\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 2727\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Physics [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Physics\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Physics%20%5BPH%5D%22\"\u003ePH\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52417795195160,"sku":"9781118647240","price":243.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781118647240.jpg?v=1784509643","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/handbook-of-measurement-in-science-and-engineering-volume-3-hardback-9781118647240","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}