{"product_id":"handbook-of-energy-materials-in-supercapacitors-and-storage-devices-hardback-9781119901037","title":"Handbook of Energy Materials in Supercapacitors and Storage Devices (Hardback) 9781119901037","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eHandbook of Energy Materials in Supercapacitors and Storage Devices\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eC. Sarathchandran (Edited by), Sarathchandran C. (Author), S. A. Ilangovan (Edited by), Sabu Thomas (Edited by), Sabu Thomas (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781119901037, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 19 January 2026\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e640 pages\u003cbr\u003e28 x 19 x 3.7 cm, 1.111 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAccelerate your understanding of modern energy storage with this one-stop resource that provides a comprehensive guide to the basics, materials, and recent advancements in high-efficiency supercapacitor technology.\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increasing population, environmental pollution, and growing demand for energy underscores the importance of highly efficient energy storage devices. Supercapacitors, often referred to as ultracapacitors, have emerged as a pivotal technology in the realm of energy storage. Increasing demand for supercapacitors arises from the high energy density required by various modern applications like electric vehicles, UPS systems, wind turbines, space vehicles, regenerative braking, load leveling systems, etc. The above-mentioned applications require an improvement in working voltage (by preventing\/reducing reaction between electrode and electrolyte surface), specific capacitance, and energy density (by increasing the surface area, addition of transition metal oxides\/conducting polymers, etc.) of the existing supercapacitors. Global research is directed towards blending the high energy density of batteries with the high-power density of traditional capacitors, thereby enabling the supercapacitors to be ideal for applications demanding rapid charge and discharge cycles, high power output, and long cycle life. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis book is designed to cover the basics of supercapacitors and provide a current account of the recent advances in this field. It provides the basics of various materials, different stages of growth in this field, and recent developments, making it a one-stop resource for understanding and advancing the field of supercapacitor technology. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReaders will find in the volume; \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA detailed explanation of the electrochemical processes and energy storage mechanisms in supercapacitors, with a detailed introduction to supercapacitors;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA comprehensive review of various electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, metal oxides, and conducting polymers;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eA detailed discussion on different electrolyte types (aqueous, organic, and ionic liquids) and their impact on supercapacitor performance;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAn exploration of the design considerations and manufacturing techniques for supercapacitors.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAudience\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book will be a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals involved in various fields, including electronics, automotive, renewable energy, and grid storage.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction to Supercapacitors 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShebin Stephen, S. A. Ilangovan, Sujatha S., Bibin John, Ajeesh K. S. and C. Sarathchandran\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Conclusion 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Acknowledgement 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 11\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhuoc Anh Le\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction to Electric Double-Layer Supercapacitors 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 General Principles and Related Theories 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Designing of Electric Double-Layer-Based Supercapacitors 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Current Collector 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Electrodes 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Electrolyte 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Separator 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Applications 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Power Electronics Systems 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Vehicles 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Renewable Energy 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Recent Developments 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Carbon-Based Electrode for EDLCs 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Other Carbon Materials 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusions 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Electrochemical Supercapacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance 35\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRenu Dhahiya, Dinesh, Mukul Gupta, Parasmani Rajput, Pankaj Sharma and Ashok Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Theory of Pseudocapacitance 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Design and Fabrication of Pseudocapacitors 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Transition Metal Oxides Intercalation 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Nanostructuring to Achieve Pseudocapacitance 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 MXenes 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Carbon-Based Material 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery in Pseudocapacitors 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Methods for Reducing Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Tuning the Separator 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Modulating the Electrolyte 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Recent Advances in Pseudocapacitors 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Pseudocapacitor 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-Based Pseudocapacitance 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Pseudocapacitance 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 MXenes-Based Pseudocapacitance 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Material Design Strategies for Pseudocapacitance 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Application 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Automobiles and Transport 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Defense and Military 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Computers and Memory Backup Chips 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Medical and Industry 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Future Trends 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Porous Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 65\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDeeksha Nagpal, Anup Singh, Ajay Vasishth, Subha Pratihar, Ashok Kumar and Shyam Sundar Pattnaik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Mechanism of Charge Storage in Carbon-Based Materials 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Charge Storage in Porous Carbon 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‐Based Materials 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Distinctive Self-Discharge Methods 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Carbon-Derived from Various Sources and their Performance Evaluations 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Performance Evaluation of Carbon Derived Biomass Waste 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Carbon Derived from Other Industrial Waste 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Tire Waste 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications of Carbon-Based Material for Supercapacitors 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Template Carbon Gel 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Carbon-Based Materials and Its Composites 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Porous Activated Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 91\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSurendra K. Martha, Sadananda Muduli and Tapan K. Pani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Charge Storage Mechanism in Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‐Based Materials 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Carbon Derived from Various Sources and Their Performance Evaluation 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Biomass-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 129\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDebajani Tripathy, Bibhuti B. Sahu, Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya and Srikanta Moharana\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Overview of Carbon-Based Nanostructured Materials 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanostructure Materials 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Synthetic Approach for Biomass-Derived Carbon 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Graphene 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Carbon Nanotube 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Carbon Onion 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Carbon Sphere 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Surface Alternation of Carbon Nanostructured Materials 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Biomass-Derived Carbon for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Electrocatalysis Applications 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Supercapacitor Application 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Rechargeable Batteries 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 Solar Cell 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.5 Organic Solar Cells 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Future Challenges 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Conclusions 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Carbon Nanotube as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors 161\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanjeev Verma, Tapas Das, Shivani Verma, Vikas Kumar Pandey, Saurabh Kumar Pandey, Juhi Singh and Bhawna Verma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 CNT (Carbon Nanotube) 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Carbon Nanotube 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Summary 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Graphene-Based Polymeric Composites with Potential Applications in Supercapacitors 175\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnkita Subhrasmita Gadtya, Debajani Tripathy and Srikanta Moharana\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Overview of Graphene-Polymer Composites 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Electrical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composite 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Supercapacitors 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Electro-Chemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Pseudo-Capacitors 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Graphene-Based Different Polymeric Composites 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Graphene-Based Fluoropolymer Composites for SCs 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Graphene-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for SCs 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Conclusions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Graphene-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 203\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVikas Kumar Pandey and Bhawna Verma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion and Outlook 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Metal Oxides and Their Role in Pseudocapacitors 219\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRutuja A. Chavan and Anil V. Ghule\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 General Introduction 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Role of Metal Oxides 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides Explored in Supercapacitors 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Performance Evaluation 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 RuO2 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 MnO2 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 NiO 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Co3 O4 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 V2 O5 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6 IrO2 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Future Scope 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Advances in Design and Application of Nanostructured TMOs and Their Composites for High‐Performance Supercapacitors 255\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSheng Qiang Zheng, Siew Shee Lim, Maxine Swee-Li Yee, Chuan Yi Foo, Choon Yian Haw, Wee Siong Chiu, Chin Hua Chia and Poi Sim Khiew\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Electrochemical Role of Metal Oxides 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides as Electrode Materials 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.1 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.2 Binary Metal Oxides 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.3 Ternary Metal Oxides 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Decorated Metal Oxides 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Porous Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2.1 MOF-Derived Metal Oxides 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2.2 MOF-Derived Carbon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Performance Parameters of Electrochemical Capacitors 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Ceramic Oxide Based Supercapacitors 295\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThangavelu Kokulnathan, Sabarison Pandiyarajan, Balasubramanian Sriram and Shobana Sebastin Mary Manickaraj\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetal Oxide Ceramics 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVanadium Oxide 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese Oxide 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron Oxide 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCobalt Oxide 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNickel Oxide 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAluminum Oxide 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinel Oxide Ceramics 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulti-Elemental Oxide Ceramic 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePast, Current, and Future Progress 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Conductive Polymers and Composites for Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope 325\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSilki Sardana, A.S. Maan and Anil Ohlan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 CPs for Supercapacitors 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 CP-Based Composites for Supercapacitors 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Recent Trends on CP-Based Supercapacitors 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 CP\/2D Material-Based Composite 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 3D CP Hydrogels for Supercapacitors 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 CP-Based Flexible Supercapacitors 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Future Scope of CP-Based Supercapacitors 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusions 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3 N 4)-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications 351\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHimadri Tanaya Das, Swapnamoy Dutta, Elango Balaji T., Payaswini Das and Nigamananda Das\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Different Carbon Materials as Electrodes in Supercapacitors 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 g-C3 N4 as Electrode Material in Supercapacitor 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 g-C3 N4 Composites and Their Use as Supercapacitors 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Future Prospects 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conclusion 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Introduction to MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications 371\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSelcan Karakuş and Razium Ali Soomro\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Strategies for the Synthesis of 2D MXenes 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 MXene-Based Supercapacitors 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications 387\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMayank K. Singh, Sarathkumar Krishnan and Dhirendra K. Rai\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Synthesis Technique 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Top-Down Approach 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.1 HF Etching 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.2 Hydroflouride Salt Etching 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.3 Alkali Etching 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.4 Electrochemical Etching 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Bottom-Up Techniques 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Properties of MXenes 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Electrical Properties 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Mechanical Properties 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Chemical Stability 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 MXenes and Its Composites 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Basic Principle and Mechanism 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Bare MXenes as Supercapacitors 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 MXenes – Carbonaceous Composite as Supercapacitors 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.4 MXenes with Polymers 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.5 MXenes and Transition Metal Sulfides 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.6 MXenes-Metal Oxides-Based Supercapacitors 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 MXenes in Various Electrolytes 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Basics and Neutral Electrolyte 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Acidic Electrolyte 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Hybrid Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope 415\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBasudeba Maharana, Rajan Jha and Shyamal Chatterjee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Types of Hybrid Supercapacitors 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Components of Hybrid Supercapacitors 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Electrode Materials 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Electrolytes 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.3 Separator 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.4 Current Collector 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.5 Sealants 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Recent Trends in HSCs 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Composite Hybrids 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Asymmetric Hybrids 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Battery Supercapacitor Hybrids 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.4 Modern Trends 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.5 Supercapattery 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Future Scopes and Challenges 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Designing Electrode Materials 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Resistance Issues in the Device 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusions 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Electrolytes and Their Role in Supercapacitor Technology 445\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDipanwita Majumdar, Padma Sharma and Niki Sweta Jha\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 What is an Ideal Electrolyte? 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3 Performance Controlling Parameters of the Electrolytes for Designing Flexible Supercapacitors 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Classes of Electrolytes for Supercapacitors 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1.1 Aqueous Electrolytes 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1.2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Solid and Quasi-Solid–Type Electrolytes 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Redox-Active Electrolytes 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Conclusions and Outlooks 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Designing Supercapacitors and Supercapacitor Materials by Counting Ions 497\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShrisudersan Jayaraman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Theoretical Framework 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 The Importance of Electrolyte Conductivity at Charged State 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 The Importance of Volumetric Specific Capacitance 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Relationship Between the Device Capacitance and Volumetric Specific Capacitance of the Electrode 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.4 Electrolyte Utilization Factor 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.5 Critical Operating Conditions 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.6 Electrolyte Concentration at the Charged State 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.7 Electrolyte Conductivity at the Charged State 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.8 Counter-Ion Adsorption with Desolvated Ions in the Pores 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.9 Ion Exchange as the Primary Charging Mechanism with Desolvated Ions in the Pores 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.10 Connecting Theory and Practical Device Performance 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.11 Jelly Roll Characteristics and Electrolyte Saturation Volume 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.12 Excess Electrolyte Volume 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Experimental Results and Discussion 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Constant Current Discharge 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Constant Power Discharging 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Conclusions and Summary 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Appendix: Experimental Details 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.1 Electrolyte 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.2 Supercapacitor Devices 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.3 Electrochemical Testing 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Global Market, Applications, and Leading Suppliers for Supercapacitors: An Introduction 543\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShebin Stephen George and C. Sarathchandran\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction to the Global Market of Supercapacitors 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Applications of Supercapacitors 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Recycling of Supercapacitors 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Safety Issues Associated with Supercapacitors 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Conclusion 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Applications of Supercapacitor 553\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRaunak Pandey, Santhosh G., Sarvajith Malali Sudhakara, Nannan Wang and Santosh K. Tiwari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Energy-Harvesting Sources 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Vibration or Mechanical Energy Harvesting 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Ocean Wave Energy 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.3 Radiofrequency 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.4 Solar Energy 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.5 Wind Energy 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Applications of Supercapacitors 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.1 Electronics 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.2 Energy Buffers 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.3 Microgrids 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.4 Consumer Electronics 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.5 Mechanical Tools 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.6 Flashlights 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.7 Internet of Things 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.8 Wearable Electronics 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3.9 Static Memories 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Transport 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.1 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.2 Energy Recovery and Management in EVs 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4.3 Regenerative Braking 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Medical 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Industrial 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Military 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 Conclusion 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 611\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Mechanical%20engineering%20\u0026amp;%20materials%20%5BTG%5D%22\"\u003eTG\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Scrivener","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52430994014488,"sku":"9781119901037","price":172.59,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781119901037.jpg?v=1784768205","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/handbook-of-energy-materials-in-supercapacitors-and-storage-devices-hardback-9781119901037","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}