{"product_id":"handbook-of-cellulosic-ethanol-hardback-9781118233009","title":"Handbook of Cellulosic Ethanol (Hardback) 9781118233009","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eHandbook of Cellulosic Ethanol\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eAnanda S. Amarasekara (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781118233009, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 31 January 2014\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e608 pages\u003cbr\u003e24.1 x 16.3 x 3.6 cm, 0.93 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eComprehensive coverage on the growing science and technology of producing ethanol from the world's abundant cellulosic biomass\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inevitable decline in petroleum reserves and its impact on gasoline prices, combined with climate change concerns, have contributed to current interest in renewable fuels. Bioethanol is the most successful renewable transport fuel—with corn and sugarcane ethanol currently in wide use as blend-in fuels in the United States, Brazil, and a few other countries. However, there are a number of major drawbacks in these first-generation biofuels, such as their effect on food prices, net energy balance, and poor greenhouse gas mitigation. Alternatively, cellulosic ethanol can be produced from abundant lignocellulosic biomass forms such as agricultural or municipal wastes, forest residues, fast growing trees, or grasses grown in marginal lands, and should be producible in substantial amounts to meet growing global energy demand.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eHandbook of Cellulosic Ethanol\u003c\/i\u003e covers all aspects of this new and vital alternative fuel source, providing readers with the background, scientific theory, and recent research progress in producing cellulosic ethanol via different biochemical routes, as well as future directions. The seventeen chapters include information on:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eAdvantages of cellulosic ethanol over first-generation ethanol as a transportation fuel\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eVarious biomass feedstocks that can be used to make cellulosic ethanol\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetails of the aqueous phase or cellulolysis route, pretreatment, enzyme or acid saccharification, fermentation, simultaneous saccharification fermentation, consolidated bioprocessing, genetically modified microorganisms, and yeasts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDetails of the syngas fermentation or thermochemical route, gasifiers, syngas cleaning, microorganisms for syngas fermentation, and chemical catalysts for syngas-to-ethanol conversion\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eDistillation and dehydration to fuel-grade ethanol\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTechno-economical aspects and the future of cellulosic ethanol\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eReadership\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical engineers, chemists, and technicians working on renewable energy and fuels in industry, research institutions, and universities. The \u003ci\u003eHandbook\u003c\/i\u003e can also be used by students interested in biofuels and renewable energy issues.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1 Introduction to Cellulosic Ethanol 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Renewable Fuels 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Renewable Energy 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Biofuels 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Renewable Energy in the United States 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Renewable Fuel Legislature in the United States 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel 29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction — History of Bioethanol as a Transportation Fuel 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Alcohol Fuels 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Fuel Characteristics of Ethanol 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Corn and Sugarcane Ethanol 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Advantages of Cellulosic Ethanol 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Feedstocks for Cellulosic Ethanol Production 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol Feedstock Types 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Potential of Agricultural Wastes 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Major Crop Residue Feedstock 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Forestry Residue, Logging and Mill Residue 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Grass Feedstocks 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Purpose-Grown Trees as Feedstock 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Municipal and Other Waste as Feedstock for Cellulosic Ethanol 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2 Aqueous Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis Route: Recalcitrance 133\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction – Two Ways to Produce Cellulosic Ethanol 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Challenges in Aqueous-Phase Biomass Hydrolysis 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Structure of Plant Cells and Lignocellulosic Biomass 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Major Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Cellulose Recalcitrance 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Different Categories of Pretreatment Methods 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Physical Pretreatment 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Physicochemical Pretreatment 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Chemical Pretreatment 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Biological Pretreatment 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Conclusion 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 219\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Enzymatic Actions on Lignocellulosic Biomass 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Future Directions in Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis Research 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Ionic Liquid-Based Direct Acid Hydrolysis 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Solid Acid Hydrolysis 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Fermentation I – Microorganisms 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Hydrolyzate 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Microorganisms Used in the Fermentation 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Fermentation Using Yeasts 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Fermentation Using Bacteria 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Immobilization of Yeast 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Fermentation II – Fermenter Configuration and Design 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Batch Fermentation 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Examples of Batch Fermentation 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Fed-Batch Fermentation 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Continuous Fermentation 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 New Directions in Fermenter Configuration and Design 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Separation and Uses of Lignin 357\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Structure of Lignin 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Separation of Lignin in the Cellulosic Ethanol Process 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lignin 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Applications of Lignin 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Lignin-Based Phenol Formaldehyde Resins 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3 Biomass Gasification Route 381\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Biomass Pyrolysis and Gasifier Designs 383\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Chemistry of the Conversion of Biomass to Syngas 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Classifications of Biomass Gasifiers 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Fixed-Bed Gasifier 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Fluidized-Bed Gasifier 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Bubbling Fluidized-Bed (BFB) Gasifier 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) Gasifier 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Allothermal Dual Fluidized-Bed (DFB) Gasifier 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Entrained-Flow Gasifier 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Syngas Cleaning 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Tar Control and Treatment Methods 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Microorganisms 407\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Metabolic Pathways 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Microorganisms Used in Syngas Fermentation 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Biochemical Reactions in Syngas Fermentation 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 The Effects of Operation Parameters on Ethanol Yield 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Syngas Fermentation Reactors 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Industrial-Scale Syngas Fermentation and Commercialization 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Conversion of Syngas to Ethanol Using Chemical Catalysts 433\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Introduction to Heterogeneous Catalysts 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Heterogeneous Catalyst Types 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Rhodium-Based Catalysts 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Copper-Based Modified Methanol Synthesis Catalysts 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Modified Fischer-Tropsch-Type Catalysts 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Molybdenum-Based Catalysts 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Catalyst Selection 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 4 Processing of Cellulosic Ethanol 467\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Distillation of Ethanol 469\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Distillation of the Beer 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 How Distillation Works 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Conventional Ethanol Distillation System 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Steam Generation for Distillation Process 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Studies on Development of Hybrid Systems for Ethanol Distillation 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Dehydration to Fuel Grade Ethanol 481\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Dehydration Methods 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Adsorption Method 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Azeotropic Distillation Method 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Extractive Distillation Methods 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Membrane-Based Pervaporation Methods 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Other Dehydration Methods 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Comparisons of Common Dehydration Methods 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 5 Fuel Ethanol Standards and Process Evaluation 507\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Fuel Ethanol Standards, Testing and Blending 509\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Fuel Grade Ethanol Standards in the United States 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Quality Assurance and Test Methods 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 European Fuel Ethanol Standards 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Denatured Fuel Ethanol 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Gasoline Ethanol Blends 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Engine Performance Using Gasoline Ethanol Blends 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Techno-Economic Analysis and Future of Cellulosic Ethanol 531\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomass Hydrolysis Process 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Techno-Economic Aspects of Biomass Gasification Process 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Comparison of Biomass Hydrolysis and Gasification Processes 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Some Cellulosic Plants around the World 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Challenges in Cellulosic Ethanol 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Future Prospects of Cellulosic Ethanol 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 1 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Scrivener","offers":[{"title":"Brand 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