{"product_id":"guidelines-for-determining-the-probability-of-ignition-of-a-released-flammable-mass-hardback-9781118230534","title":"Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Ignition of a Released Flammable Mass (Hardback) 9781118230534","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eGuidelines for Determining the Probability of Ignition of a Released Flammable Mass\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eCCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety) (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781118230534, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 8 July 2014\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e264 pages\u003cbr\u003e24.1 x 16.3 x 2.2 cm, 0.558 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplemented by an estimating tool spreadsheet based on a fixed set of chemicals to assist in risk estimations, \u003ci\u003eProbability of Ignition of a Released Flammable Mass\u003c\/i\u003e converts a \"best guess\" to a calculated value based on available information and current technology. The text documents and explains the science and background of the technology-based approach. The tool, when populated with appropriate data, yields an estimate of the probability that a defined release of a flammable material will ignite if exposed to an ignition source. This information can be used to make risk assessments with a higher degree of confidence than estimates made before and it provides valuable information for use in the development of a facility's Emergency Response Plan.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFORWARD XI\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 INTRODUCTION 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Objectives 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Motivation for this Book 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 A Brief History of Fire Protection 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 The Development of Risk-Based Approaches to Flammables Management 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Difficulties in Developing Ignition Probability Prediction Methods 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Missing Variables 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 Summary of Industry Needs and Path Forward 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 Applications for This Book 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7 Limitations in Applying the Approaches in This Book 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Ignition Probability Overview 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Theoretical Basis for Ignition 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Properties of the Fuel, and Available Surrogates that can be Used for Developing Probability of Ignition Predictions 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Key Ignition Factors Related to the Release Source 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Key Ignition Factors Related to the External Environment After the Release 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Control of Ignition Sources 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Ignition Source Management 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Minimization of Release 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Vapor Cloud Explosion Probability Overview 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Detonation Overview 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Detonation Using a Strong Ignition Source 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Buncefield 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Other Ignition Topics - Hydrogen 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Ignition Mechanisms 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Other Hydrogen Ignition Topics 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 ESTIMATION METHODS 39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Event Tree 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Failure Frequency Data for Use in Event Trees 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Quantification of the Event Tree 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Factors Influencing the Probability of Immediate Ignition 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Temperature of Release Relative to the Autoignition Temperature 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) of Material Being Released 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Pyrophoricity of Released Material 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Pressure\/Velocity of Discharge 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Droplet Size 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Presence of Particulates 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Configuration\/Orientation of Equipment Near\/At the Point of Release 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Temperature of Release (as it relates to its effect on MIE) 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.9 Phase of Release (API RBI) 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.10 Flash Point and Release Rate (TNO) 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Factors Influencing the Probability of Delayed Ignition 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Strength and Numbers of Ignition Sources 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Duration of Exposure 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Release Rate\/Amount 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Material Being Released 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Release Phase\/Flash Point\/Boiling Point 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6 Distance from Point of Release to Ignition Source 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.7 Meteorology 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.8 Events Originating Indoors 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Factors Influencing the Probability of Explosion, Given Delayed Ignition 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Potential Interdependence of Variables 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Summary of Variables Used in Each Analysis Level 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Basic (Level 1) Probability of Ignition Algorithms 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Level 1 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Level 1 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Level 2 Probability of Ignition Algorithms 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.1 Level 2 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8.2 Level 2 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Advanced (Level 3) Probability of Ignition Algorithms 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.1 Level 3 Algorithm for Probability of Immediate Ignition 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.2 Level 3 Algorithm for Probability of Delayed Ignition 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Developing Inputs When Chemical Properties Are Not Available 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.1 Estimating Input Properties of Chemicals Not in the Pick List 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2 Estimating the Properties of Flammable Mixtures 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Worked Example 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.1 Problem Statement 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.2 Level 1 Analysis 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.3 Level 2 Analysis 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11.4 Level 3 Analysis 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Application of the Models to a Study with Multiple Ignition Sources 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND AND DATA SOURCES 78\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction and Summary 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Government-driven studies 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Rew et al. 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Bevi Risk Assessment Manual (TNO Purple Book) 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 HSE \/ Crossthwaite, et al. 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 HSE\/Thyer 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 HSE\/Gummer and Hawksworth - Hydrogen 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Cawley\/U.S. Bureau of Mines 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.7 Canvey 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.8 Witcofski (NASA) Liquid Hydrogen 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Information Developed by Industry Groups 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Cox\/Lees\/Ang 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 E\u0026amp;P Forum 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 API RBI 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 API RP 2216 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 IEEE 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 UK Energy Institute 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Information Developed in Academia 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Ronza, et al. 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Offshore Explosions (Loughborough) 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Srekl and Golob 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Duarte et al. 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Swain - Ignition of Hydrogen 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.6 Dryer et al. – Hydrogen and Light Hydrocarbons 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.7 Britton – Silanes and Chlorosilanes 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.8 Pesce et al. 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Information Developed by Individual Companies 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Spouge 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Moosemiller 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Johnson – Humans as Electrostatic Ignition Sources 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Jallais – Hydrogen 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Zalosh – Hydrogen 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.6 Smith - Pipelines 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Studies Specific to Ignition of Sprays 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Lee et al. 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Babrauskas 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Case Histories 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Britton - External Ignition Events 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Pratt - Gas Well and Pipeline Blowouts 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Gummer and Hawksworth – Hydrogen Events 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES 136\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction to Examples, and Potential “Lessons Learned” 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 “Reality” vs. Predictions 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 “Conservatism” – Does it Exist? 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Cases where the Model may not be Appropriate or the Results Misinterpreted 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Summary of Worked Examples 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Worked Examples (based on other CCPS books) 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 “Vapor Cloud Explosion Hazard Assessment of a Storage Site” 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 “Open Field Release of Propane” 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 “Release from Pipeline” 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Worked Examples (chemical and petrochemical plants) 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 “Ethylene Tubing Failure” 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 “Benzene Pipe Rupture” 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 “Spill from Methyl Ethyl Ketone Tank” 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 “Indoor Puncture of MEK Tote” 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 “Elevated Release” 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Worked Examples (oil refineries) 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 “Gasoline Release from a Sight Glass” 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 “Overfilling a Gasoline Storage Tank” 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 “Overfilling a Propane Bullet” 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 “Hydrogen Release from a Sight Glass” 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Worked Examples (Unusual Cases) 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 “Indoor Acid Spill - Ventilation Model” 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 “Release of Ammonia” 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Worked Examples (‘Out of Scope’ Cases) 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 “Release of Gas from an Offshore Platform Separator” 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 “Dust Ignition” 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Worked Examples of the Benefits of Plant Modifications and Design Changes 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 “Ignition by Hot Surfaces” 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Release Prevention 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Duration of Exposure 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.4 Benefit of Improved Ventilation of Indoor Releases – Continuation of “Indoor Acid Spill” Example 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 SOFTWARE ILLUSTRATION 194\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Explanation and Instructions for Software Tool 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Opening the Software Tool 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 General Inputs and Outputs 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Level 1 Inputs 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Level 2 Analyses 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Level 3 Analyses 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Explosion Probability 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Illustrations of Software Use 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 “Vapor Cloud Explosion Hazard Assessment of a Storage Site” (example from Section 4.2.1) 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 “Open Field Release of Propane” (example from Section 4.2.2) 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAPPENDIX A. CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA 207\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAPPENDIX B. OTHER MODELS FOR CONSIDERATION 213\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-AIChE","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52165738627352,"sku":"9781118230534","price":70.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781118230534.jpg?v=1781099966","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/guidelines-for-determining-the-probability-of-ignition-of-a-released-flammable-mass-hardback-9781118230534","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}