{"product_id":"green-and-sustainable-advanced-materials-volume-2-applications-hardback-9781119528364","title":"Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials, Volume 2; Applications (Hardback) 9781119528364","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eGreen and Sustainable Advanced Materials, Volume 2\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eApplications\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eShakeel Ahmed (Edited by), Ahmed (Author), Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781119528364, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 13 November 2018\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e402 pages\u003cbr\u003e1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSustainable development is a very prevalent concept of modern society. This concept has appeared as a critical force in combining a special focus on development and growth by maintaining a balance of using human resources and the ecosystem in which we are living. The development of new and advanced materials is one of the powerful examples in establishing this concept. Green and sustainable advanced materials are the newly synthesized material or existing modified material having superior and special properties. These fulfil today’s growing demand for equipment, machines and devices with better quality for an extensive range of applications in various sectors such as paper, biomedical, textile, and much more.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolume 2, provides chapters on the valorization of green and sustainable advanced materials from a biomedical perspective as well as the applications in textile technology, optoelectronics, energy materials systems, and the food and agriculture industry.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials – A Critical Overview and a Vision for the Future 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Aim and Objective of This Study 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Need and the Rationale of This Study 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Environmental and Green Sustainability 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 The Scientific Doctrine of Green Sustainability and Green Engineering 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Scientific Vision and Scientific Doctrine of Nanotechnology 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 What Do You Mean by Advanced Materials? 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 The World of Advanced Materials Today 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Green Sustainability 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 The Challenges and Vision of Research Pursuit in Nanotechnology Today 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Technological Vision and the Scientific Endeavour in Advanced Materials 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 The Vision of Energy and Environmental Sustainability 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 Global Water Shortage and the Challenges of Research and Development Initiatives 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Remediation 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 Water Purification Technologies and the World of Environmental Sustainability 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16 Future Frontiers and Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 Future Research Trends in Sustainability and Nanotechnology Applications 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18 Summary, Conclusion and Scientific Perspectives 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Valorization of Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials from a Biomed Perspective – Potential Applications 19\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuhammad Bilal, Tahir Rasheed, Abaid Ullah and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Multi-Functional Characteristics of Green and Sustainable Materials – Smart Polymers 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Biomedical Potentialities of Biopolymers and\/or Biopolymers-Based Constructs 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles – Biomedical Applications 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 BioMOFs: Metal–Organic Frameworks 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Bioinspired MOFs – Biomedical Application and Prospects 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Drug Delivery Perspectives of MOFs 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 MOF in Enantioseparation of Drug Racemates 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Porous Covalent Organic Cages as Bio-Inspired Materials 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Concluding Remarks 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of Interest 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Applications of Textile Materials Using Emerging Sources and Technology: A New Perspective 49\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePintu Pandit, Saptarshi Maiti, Gayatri T.N. and Aranya Mallick\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Synthesis, Forms, Properties and Applications of Graphene 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Structure and Forms of Graphene 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Synthesis and Production Methods of Graphene 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Properties of Graphene 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Applications of Graphene 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.1 Application of Graphene in Energy Storage, Optoelectronics, and Photovoltaic Cell 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.2 Application of Graphene in Ultrafiltration and Bioengineering 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.3 Application of Graphene in Textile Materials and Composites 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Essential Role for Nanomaterials in Textiles 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Developing and Processing Nanoengineered Textiles 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Nanofiber Application Driven by Function-of-Form Paradigm 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Types, Synthesis and Application of Dendrimers 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Types of Dendrimers 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Synthesis of Dendrimers (Divergent and Convergent Method) 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Application of Dendrimers in Chemical Processing of Textile Materials 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.4 Application of Dendrimers in Medical Textiles 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.5 Application of Dendrimers in Effluent Treatment 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Application of Plasma Technology in Textile Materials 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Synthesis and Applications of Biopolymer-Based Absorbents 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Conclusion 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Applications and Environmental Issues 85\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePooja Thakur, Kamal Kumar Bhardwaj and Reena Gupta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 NPs and Nanodevices 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Types of NPs 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Carbon Based NPs 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.1 Fullerenes 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.3 Graphene Nanofoils 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.4 Carbon Nanofibres 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.5 Carbon Black 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.6 Carbon Nanofoams 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Inorganic NPs 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 Metals 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.2 Metal Oxides 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.3 Quantum Dots 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Organic NPs 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.1 Organic Polymers 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.2 Biologically Inspired NPs 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Applications of NPs 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Applications of Nanotechnology by Sectors of Activity 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Nanotechnology Applications by NP Type 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and its Products 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Potential Environmental Effects 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Fate of NPs in the Environment 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Positive Effects on Environment 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Negative Effects on Environment 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Conclusion 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflict of Interests 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Chitosan in Water Purification Technology 111\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAjith James Jose, Ann Mary Jacob, Manjusha K. C. and Jincymol Kappen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Chitosan 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Chitosan in Waste Water Treatment 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Treatment of Agricultural Waste Water 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Treatment of Textile Effluents 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Household Drinking Water Treatment 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Mechanism Behind the Waste Water Treatment by Chitosan 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Removal of Bacteria 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusion 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials – Environmental Applications 125\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSwapnil Sharma, Vivek Dave, Kanika Verma and Jaya Dwivedi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Application of Advanced Green Sustainable Materials in Sensing and Removal of Water Toxicants 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Materials Used for Sensing and Removal of Dyes and Heavy Metals from Water 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.1 Dyes 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.2 Heavy Metal 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.3 Removal of Heavy Metal and Dye from Naturally Derived Bio-Sorbents 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Removal of Microbial Pathogen from Water 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Removal of Radioactive Pollutants from Water 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Removal of Contaminants from Air 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Application of Sustainable Material in Soil Remediation 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Green and Sustainable Copper-Based Nanomaterials – An Environmental Perspective 159\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSantosh Bahadur Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Copper-Based Nanomaterials and its Sustainability 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Metallic Copper Nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Copper Oxide (CuO)-Based NPs 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Supported Copper Nanomaterials 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Growth Mechanism of Copper Nanomaterials 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Catalysis: As a Tool for Environmental Cleaning 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Environmental Perspective of Copper Nanomaterials 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Concluding Remarks 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 An Excellence Method on Starch-Based Materials: A Promising Stage for Environmental Application 177\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTanvir Arfin and Kamini Sonawane\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 History 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Sources 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Tubers or Roots 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Corn 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Physiochemical Properties 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Characteristics of Starch Granules 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Birefringence 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Retrogradation and Gelatinization 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Thermal and Rheological Properties 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Starch Gelatinization Measurement 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Processing of Starch 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Surface Hydrolysis 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Native Digestion 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Hydrothermal Modification 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Thermoplastic Starch 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Resistant Starch 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Starch Nanocrystals 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Ionic Liquid 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Enzyme Selection 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Packing Configuration 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Chemical Modification 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.1 Cross-Linking 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.2 Starch-Graft Copolymer 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.2.1 Graft with Vinyl Monomers 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.2.2 Graft with other Monomers 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.3 Esterification 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.3.1 Inorganic Starch Esters 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.3.2 Organic Starch Esters 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.4 Etherification 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.5 Dual Modification 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.6 Other Chemical Modification 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.6.1 Oxidation 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12.6.2 Acid Modification 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Starch-Based Materials 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.1 PLA Starch 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.2 Starch Alginate 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.3 PCL Starch 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.4 Chitosan Starch 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.5 Starch Clay 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.6 Starch and DMAEMA 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.7 Plasticized Starch(PLS)\/Poly(Butylene Succinate Co-Butylene Adipate (PBSA) 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.8 Gelatin–OSA Starch 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.9 Chitin and Starch 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13.10 Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) and Chitosan 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Applications 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.1 Wound Dressing 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.2 Biomedical 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.3 Nanomaterial 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.4 Cancer 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.5 Starch Film 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.6 Gene Delivery 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.7 Transdermal Delivery 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.8 Resistive Switch Memory 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.9 Oral Drug Delivery 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.10 Waste Water Treatment 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.11 Heavy Metal Removal 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14.12 Dry Removal 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Synthesized Cu2Zn1-xCdxSnS4 Quinternary Alloys Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications 209\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eY. Al-Douri and A. S. Ibraheam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Experimental Process 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Results and Discussion 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conclusions 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Biochar Supercapacitors: Recent Developments in the Materials and Methods 223\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eS. Vivekanandhan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Traditional Uses of Biochar 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2.1 Combustible Fuel 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2.2 Soil Amendment 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2.3 Carbon Sequestration 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 Biochar in Sustainable Bioeconomy 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 Value Added Utilization of Biochar 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4.1 Catalysis 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4.2 Polymer Composites 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4.3 Environmental Remediation 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4.4 Energy Storage and Conversion 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Biochar Supercapacitors 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Biochar Based Supercapacitor 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.1 Agricultural Residues 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.2 Industrial Crops 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.3 Industrial Co- Products and By-Products 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1.4 Wood Biomasses 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Capacitive Mechanism for Biochar 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Biochar Modification Techniques for Capacitive Applications 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Activation 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.1 Physical Techniques 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1.2 Chemical Techniques 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Metal, Metal Oxide and Metal Hydroxide Loading 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Nitrogen and Sulphur Doping 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Biochar Based Composite Materials for Supercapacitors Application 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Conclusions 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Nature and Technoenergy 251\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSmita Kapoor, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Concept of Sustainability 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Materials Science and Energy 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Green and Advanced Materials 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Emerging Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Substrates and Encapsulates for Biodegradable and Biocompatible Electronics 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Semi-Natural\/Semi-Synthetic Substrates: Paper 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Applications of Advanced Materials for Energy Applications 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Optical Materials for Energy Applications 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 Lithium Ion Batteries 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.3 Polymer Solar Cells 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Application 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.5 Electrochemical Capacitor 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.6 Polymer Sulfur Composite Cathode Material 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Conclusion 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Biomedical Applications of Synthetic and Natural Biodegradable Polymers 281\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eManpreet Kaur, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Desired Properties of Polymers for Biomedical Applications 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Super Hydrophobicity 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Adhesion 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Self-Healing 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Natural Polymers 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Collagen as a Biopolymer 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Applications of Collagen 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Collagen in Ophthalmology 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Collagen in Wound and Burn Dressing 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.3 Collagen in Tissue Engineering 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan as Biopolymers 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4.1 Chitosan in Ophthalmology 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4.2 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Dressings 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4.3 Chitosan in Drug-Delivery Systems 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Synthetic Polymers 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Polyolefins 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4 Silicone 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.5 Methacrylates 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.6 Polyesters 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.7 Polyethers 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.8 Polyamides 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.9 Polyurethanes 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusion 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConflicts of Interests 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Efficiency of Transition Metals at Nanoscale - as Heterogeneous Catalysts 311\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHeeralaxmi Jadon, Sushma Neeraj and Mohammad Kuddus\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalyst 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalyst 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Transition Metals 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Common Properties of Transition Metals 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Individual Properties of Different Transition Metals 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Scandium (Sc) 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Titanium (Ti) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Vanadium (V) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Chromium (Cr) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Manganese (Mn) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.6 Iron (Fe) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.7 Cobalt (Co) 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.8 Nickel (Ni) 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.9 Copper (Cu) 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.10 Zinc (Zn) 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.11 Yttrium (Y) 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.12 Zirconium (Zr) 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.13 Niobium (Nb) 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.14 Molybdenum (Mo) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.15 Technetium (Tc) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.16 Rhodium (Rh) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.17 Palladium (Pd) 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.18 Silver (Ag) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.19 Cadmium (Cd) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.20 Lanthanum (La) 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.21 Hafnium (Hf) 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.22 Tantalum (Ta) 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.23 Tungsten (W) 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.24 Rhenium (Re) 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.25 Osmium (Os) 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.26 Iridium (Ir) 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.27 Platinum (Pt) 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.28 Gold (Au) 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.29 Mercury (Hg) 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.30 Actinium (Ac) 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.31 Rutherfordium (Rf) 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.32 Dubnium (Db) 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.33 Seaborgium (Sg) 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.34 Bohrium (Bh) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.35 Hassium (Hs) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.36 Meitnerium (Mt) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.37 Roentgenium (Rg) 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.38 Copernicium (Cn) 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Ability of Transitional Metals for Good Catalysts 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Advantages of Catalyst at Nanoscale 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Conclusion 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Food Industry 343\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAshitha Jose and Radhakrishnan E.K\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Nanotechnology and Agriculture 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Precision Farming and Nanotechnology 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Control Release Formulations 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Nanoagrochemicals 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Nanopesticides 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Nanofungicides 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.6 Nanofertilizers 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Food Packaging 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Biodegradable Packaging 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Antimicrobial Packaging 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Antimicrobial Sachets 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Nanocomposites and Bioactive Compounds 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.6 Nanosensors 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.7 Detection of Microorganisms 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.8 Smart Packaging 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Toxicity Concerns Involved with Nanotechnology 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 377\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Other branches of medicine [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Other branches of medicine\" 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