{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-solar-cell-design-hardback-9781119724704","title":"Fundamentals of Solar Cell Design (Hardback) 9781119724704","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eFundamentals of Solar Cell Design\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003e (Edited by), I Inamuddin (Author), Mohd Imran Ahamed (Edited by), Rajender Boddula (Edited by), Mashallah Rezakazemi (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781119724704, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 24 August 2021\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e576 pages\u003cbr\u003e1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eDie Energieerzeugung aus Solarzellen hat weltweit Beachtung gefunden, denn sie bietet einige interessante Eigenschaften. So ist sie eine günstige erneuerbare Technologie, sie ist skalierbar, leicht, flexibel, vielseitig, es entstehen keine Treibhausgasemissionen, sie ist umweltfreundlich und wirtschaftlich, und die Betriebskosten sind im Vergleich mit anderen Formen der Stromerzeugung relativ niedrig. Somit steht die Solarzellentechnik an der Spitze der auf erneuerbaren Energien beruhenden Technologien, die in der Telekommunikation, in Kraftwerken, Kleingeräten und Satelliten zum Einsatz kommen. Um eine Anwendung im großen Maßstab zu ermöglichen, lässt sich das Design der Solarzellen verändern, und es wird der Einsatz neuer Materialien erforscht, die eine Steigerung der Leistung sowie eine Senkung der Kosten ermöglichen. Fundiertes Fachwissen über das Solarzellendesign ist somit von grundlegender Bedeutung für alle, die in der Industrie und im akademischen Bereich nach Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für diese Erkenntnisse suchen.\u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Dieses Werk bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über Solarzellen und stellt die Geschichte ihrer Entwicklung dar. Es werden verschiedene aktuelle Szenarien erläutert in Bezug auf das Solarzellendesign, die Klassifizierung, Eigenschaften, verschiedene Halbleitermaterialien, Dünnschichten, Wafer-Ebene, transparente Solarzellen und vieles mehr. Darüber hinaus werden Analysewerkzeuge zur Charakterisierung von Solarzellen und theoretische Modellierungen beschrieben, und es werden Praktiken zur Verbesserung des Umwandlungswirkungsgrads sowie Anwendungen und Patente dargestellt.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Organic Solar Cells 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYadavalli Venkata Durga Nageswar and Vaidya Jayathirtha Rao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Classification of Solar Cells 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Solar Cell Structure 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Photovoltaic Parameters or Terminology Used in BHJOSCs 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Open-Circuit Voltage Voc 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Short-Circuit Current Jsc 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Incident-Photon-to-Current Efficiency (IPCE) 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Power Conversion Efficiency η\u003csub\u003ep\u003c\/sub\u003e (PCE) 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5 Fill Factor (FF) 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Some Basic Design Principles\/Thumb Rules Associated With Organic Materials Required for BHJOSCs 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Recent Research Advances in Small-Molecule Acceptor and Polymer Donor Types 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Recent Research Advances in All Small-Molecule Acceptor and Donor Types 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Conclusion 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Plasmonic Solar Cells 55\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eT. Shiyani, S. K. Mahapatra and I. Banerjee\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Plasmonic Nanostructure 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Classification of Plasmonic Nanostructures 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Principles and Working Mechanism of Plasmonic Solar Cells 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Working Principle 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Mechanism of Plasmonic Solar Cells 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Important Optical Properties 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Trapping of Light 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Scattering and Absorption of Sunlight 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Multiple Energy Levels 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Advancements in Plasmonic Solar Cells 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Direct Plasmonic Solar Cells 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Plasmonic-Enhanced Solar Cell 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Plasmonic Thin Film Solar Cells 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Plasmonic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (PDSSCs) 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Plasmonic Photoelectrochemical Cells 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Plasmonic Quantum Dot (QD) Solar Cells 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7 Plasmonic Perovskite Solar Cells 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.8 Plasmonic Hybrid Solar Cells 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Tandem Solar Cell 83\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eUmesh Fegade\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Review of Organic Tandem Solar Cell 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Review of Inorganic Tandem Solar Cell 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusion 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Thin-Film Solar Cells 103\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGobinath Velu Kaliyannan, Raja Gunasekaran, Santhosh Sivaraj, Saravanakumar Jaganathan and Rajasekar Rathanasamy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Why Thin-Film Solar Cells? 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Amorphous Silicon 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Cadmium Telluride 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Copper Indium Diselenide Solar Cells 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Comparison Between Flexible a-Si:H, CdTe, and CIGS Cells and Applications 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContents vii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Biohybrid Solar Cells 117\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSapana Jadoun and Ufana Riaz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Photovoltaics 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Solar Cells 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 First-Generation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Second-Generation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Third-Generation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Fourth-Generation 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Biohybrid Solar Cells 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Role of Photosynthesis 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Plant-Based Biohybrid Devices 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 PS I–Based Biohybrid Devices 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 PS II–Based Biohybrid Devices 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Polymer and Semiconductors-Based Biohybrid Solar Cells 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Conclusion 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 137\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSanthosh Sivaraj, Gobinath Velu Kaliyannan, Mohankumar Anandraj, Moganapriya Chinnasamy and Rajasekar Rathanasamy\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Cell Architecture and Working Mechanism 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Fabrication of Simple DSSC in Lab Scale 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Electrodes 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Counter Electrode 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Blocking Layer 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Electrolytes Used 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Liquid-Based Electrolytes 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1.1 Electrical Additives 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1.2 Organic Solvents 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1.3 Ionic Liquids 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1.4 Iodide\/Triiodide-Free Mediator and Redox Couples 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.1 Thermoplastic-Based Polymer Electrolytes 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2.2 Thermosetting Polymer Electrolytes 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Solid-State Transport Materials 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3.1 Inorganic Hole Transport Materials 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3.2 Organic Hole Transport Materials 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3.3 Solid-State Ionic Conductors 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Commonly Used Natural Dyes in DSSC 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Chlorophyll 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Flavonoids 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Anthocyanins 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4 Carotenoids 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Calculations 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.1 Power Conversion Efficiency 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.2 Fill Factor 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.3 Open-Circuit Voltage 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.4 Short Circuit Current 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.5 Determination of Energy Gap of Electrode Material Adsorbed With Natural Dye 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.6 Absorption Coefficient 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9.7 Dye Adsorption 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Conclusion 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Characterization and Theoretical Modeling of Solar Cells 169\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMasoud Darvish Ganji, Mahyar Rezvani \u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eand Sepideh Tanreh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Classification of SC 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Inorganic Solar Cells 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Organic Solar Cell 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Working Principle of DSSC 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Operation Principle of DSSC 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Photovoltaic Parameters 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Theoretical and Computational Methods 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Density Functional Theory (DFT) 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Basis Sets 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 TDDFT Method 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Molecular Descriptors 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.5 Force Field Parameterization for MD Simulations 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.6 Excited States 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.7 UV-Vis Spectroscopy 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.8 Charge Transfer and Carrier Transport 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.9 Coarse-Grained (CG) Simulations 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.10 Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Modeling 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.11 Car-Parrinello Method 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.12 Solvent Effects 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.13 Global Reactivity Descriptors 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Conclusion 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Efficient Performance Parameters for Solar Cells 217\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFigen Balo and Lutfu S. Sua\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Potential, Production, and Climate of Ankara 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Solar Radiation Intensity Calculation 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Horizontal Superficies 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 On a Daily Basis Total Sun Irradiation 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.2 Daily Diffuse Sun Irradiation 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.3 Momentary Total Sun Irradiation 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.4 Direct and Diffuse Sun Radiation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 On Inclined Superficies, Computing Sun Irradiation Intensity 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 Direct Momentary Sun Radiation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.2 Diffuse Sun Radiation 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.3 Momentary Reflecting Radiation 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.4 Total Sun Radiation 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Methodology 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 The Solar Radiation Assessments by Correlation Models With MATLAB Simulation Software 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 MATLAB Simulation Results and Findings 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 For Ankara Province, the Determinants of the Most Efficiency Solar Cell With AHP Methodology 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Conclusions 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Practices to Enhance Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cell 247\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAndreea Irina Barzic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Basics on Conversion Efficiency 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Approaches for Improving Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cells 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conclusion 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Solar Cell Efficiency Energy Materials 271\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZeeshan Abid, Faiza Wahad, Sughra Gulzar, Muhammad Faheem Ashiq, Muhammad Shahid Aslam, Munazza Shahid, Muhammad Altaf and Raja Shahid Ashraf\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Solar Cell Efficiency 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Historical Development of Solar Cell Materials 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Solar Cell Materials and Efficiencies 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Crystalline Silicon 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Silicon Thin-Film Alloys 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 III-V Semiconductors 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Chalcogenide 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4.1 Chalcopyrites 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5 Organic Materials 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6 Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Materials 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Materials 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6.2 Perovskites 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.7 Quantum Dots 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Conclusion and Prospects 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Analytical Tools for Solar Cell 317\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohamad Saufi Rosmi, Ong Suu Wan, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed, Zul Adlan Mohd Hir and Wan Nur Aini Wan Mokhtar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Application of Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Solar Cells 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Electron Tomography 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Application of Electron Tomography (ET) in Solar Cells 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM) 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Application of C-AFM in Solar Cells 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Application of Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy for Solar Cells 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Application of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy in Solar Cell 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Conclusion 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Applications of Solar Cells 345\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohd Imran Ahamed and Naushad Anwar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 An Overview on Photovoltaic Cell 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 History 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Working Principle of Solar Cell 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 First-Generation Photovoltaic Cells: Crystalline Silicon Form 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Second-Generation Photovoltaic Cells: Thin-Film Solar Cells 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5 Third-Generation Photovoltaic Cells 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Applications of Solar Cells 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Perovskite Solar Cell 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Nanostructured Inorganic-Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells (NSIOHSCs) 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Polymer Solar Cells 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Quantum Dot Solar Cell (QDCs) 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.6 Organic Solar Cells 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusion and Summary 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Challenges of Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells 371\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMutayyab Afreen, Jazib Ali and Muhammad Bilal\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Degradation Phenomena and Stability Measures in Perovskite 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Thermal Stability 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Structural and Chemical Stability 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Oxygen and Moisture 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Visible and UV Light Exposure 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Stability-Interface Interplay 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Chemical Reaction at the Interface 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Degradation on the Top Electrode 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Hysteresis Phenomenon in PSC Devices 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Effect of Selective Contacts on Stability 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Electron-Transport Layers 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Hole Transport Layers 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Conclusion 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Solar Cells 393\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZahra Pezeshki and Abdelhalim Zekry\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcronyms 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 State-of-the-Art of Solar Cells 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Production Volume 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Cost Breakdown 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Main Technologies 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.1 Si Solar Cell Arrays 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.2 DSSCs 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.3 Photoanodes 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.4 C\/Si Heterojunctions 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.5 a-C\/Si Heterojunctions 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.6 Non-Fullerene Acceptor Bulk Heterojunctions 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.7 a-Si 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.8 Perovskites 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.9 Metal-Halide–Based Perovskites 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.10 Sn-Based Perovskites 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.11 Heavily Doped Solar Cells 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.12 PV Building Substrates 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.13 Solar Tracking System 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.14 Solar Concentrators 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.15 Solar Power Satellite 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.16 Roof-Top Solar PV System 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.17 Short-Wavelength Solar-Blind Detectors 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.18 GCPVS 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.19 Microwave Heating in Si Solar Cell Fabrication 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.20 Refrigeration PV System 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.21 Solar Collectors and Receivers 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.22 Solar Drying System 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.23 Water Networks With Solar PV Energy 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.24 Wind and Solar Integrated to Smart Grid 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3.25 Green Data Centers 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Prospective of Solar Cells 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Conclusion 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells 461\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFaiza Wahad, Zeeshan Abid, Sughra Gulzar, Muhammad Shahid Aslam, Saqib Rafique, Munazza Shahid, Muhammad Altaf and Raja Shahid Ashraf\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Device Architectures 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Conventional n-i-p Device Structure 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Inverted p-i-n Device Structure 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Optical Assessment 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Average Visible Transmittance 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Corresponding Color Temperature 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Color Rendering Index 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Transparency Color Perception 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 Light Management 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Materials 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Photoactive Layer 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Charge Transport Layers (ETL and HTL) 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Transparent Electrode 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Applications 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Building-Integrated Photovoltaics 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Tandem Devices 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Conclusion 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Flexible Solar Cells 505\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSantosh Patil, Rushi Jani, Nisarg Purabiarao, Archan Desai, Ishan Desai and Kshitij Bhargava\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Need for Solar Energy Harnessing 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Brief Overview of Generations of Solar Cells 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 Limitations of Solar Cells 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.4 What is Flexible Solar Cell (FSC)? 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Materials for FSCs 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Semiconductors 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Substrates 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Electrodes 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Encapsulations 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Thin-Film Deposition 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 R2R Processing 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Chemical Bath Deposition 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Dip Coating 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.5 Spin Coating 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.6 Screen Printing 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Characterizations for FSCs 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Material Characterization 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Device Characterization 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Issues in FSCs 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Performance Comparison of RSCs and FSCs 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Applications of Flexible Solar Cell 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Conclusion 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 537\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Electronics \u0026amp; communications engineering [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Electronics \u0026amp; communications engineering\" 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