{"product_id":"fifty-years-of-evolution-in-biological-research-progress-and-decline-hardback-9781786308788","title":"Fifty Years of Evolution in Biological Research; Progress and Decline (Hardback) 9781786308788","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eFifty Years of Evolution in Biological Research\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eProgress and Decline\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eJacques Balthazart (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781786308788, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 13 September 2023\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e176 pages\u003cbr\u003e23.5 x 15.6 x 1.3 cm, 0.535 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eResearch in biology and all basic sciences has undergone profound transformations in recent decades. We have seen the development of extremely sophisticated techniques, allowing us to study, in an objective manner, questions that were still considered science fiction at the end of the 20th century. All of this has allowed us to develop an in-depth knowledge of vast subjects, such as the biology of the brain, for example. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eFifty Years of Evolution in Biological Research\u003c\/i\u003e presents a panorama of these different technical advances. However, at the same time, there has been an increase in the number of constraints on researchers, a monetization of research and a correlative pressure to continually publish in more prestigious journals. This has resulted in a certain degradation of the quality of research activity. This book analyzes this evolution and proposes solutions.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface ix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 The Evolution of Techniques 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Hormone assays 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Techniques for the identification of steroid hormone action sites in the brain 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Molecular biology and sequencing techniques 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Controlled modification of gene expression 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Techniques for temporarily modifying the activity of neurons 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 The rise of the computer and the personal computer 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Appearance and development of the Internet 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 The Profound Modification of Research Conditions 23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The evolution of research funding 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The current funding situation: multiple sources of grants that are difficult to control 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Ever-increasing constraints 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Administrative tasks 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Risk management 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Animal welfare 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 The Computer and its Consequences in Terms of Work 39\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Changing the flow of scientific information 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Scientific information management in laboratories 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Data processing and preparation of scientific publications 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 The Development of Publishing Giants and Open Access 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 The evolution of publishing houses 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Open access: advantages and disadvantages 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Unexpected consequence of open access: predatory journals 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Reactions 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 The Invention of Journal Impact Factors 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 The development of bibliometrics 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Disadvantages and limitations 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Use for the evaluation of researchers 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 The Race to Publish and the Inadequate Methods of Evaluating Researchers 73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Increasingly abundant publications 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Evaluation of researchers and grant applications 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 The Consequences: An Overall Deterioration of Research Quality 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 The \"bad\", not very rigorous, science 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Cognitive biases 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 The absence of randomization 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 The use of poorly validated techniques 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 The low power of the studies 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Misuse of statistics and pseudoreplication 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.6 Probability hacking (P-hacking) 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.7 Inadequate presentation of results 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Scientific fraud 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Data selection 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Partial or total data fabrication 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Plagiarism 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 The Scientific Community's Fight Against these Aberrations 101\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Peer review 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Post-publication criticism by the entire scientific community 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Withdrawal of erroneous or fraudulent items 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 Essential Modifications 109\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 The publication process and peer review 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Pre-registration of studies 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 The reward system 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 The Loss of Confidence in Science and the Return of the Irrational 117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 A disaffection for science 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 The development of irrational beliefs 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Creationism and the denial of evolution 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Platism and the flat Earth theory 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 The rejection of Western medicine based on evidence 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Social networks, fake news, post-truth and alternative truths 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 The Solution(s) 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Popularizing research results by researchers themselves 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Develop critical thinking skills 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Expanding an understanding of basic statistics to the general public 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Controlling misinformation using social networks 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 151\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Biology, life sciences [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Biology, life sciences\" 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