{"product_id":"extractive-metallurgy-of-titanium-conventional-and-recent-advances-in-extraction-and-production-of-titanium-metal-paperback-9780128172001","title":"Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium; Conventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal (Paperback) 9780128172001","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eExtractive Metallurgy of Titanium\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eConventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cp\u003eA review of the recent advances in extraction methods and processing of Titanium metals\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eZhigang Zak Fang (Edited by), Francis Froes (Edited by), Ying Zhang (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780128172001\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003ePaperback, published 8 November 2019\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e436 pages, 240 illustrations (40 in full color)\u003cbr\u003e22.9 x 15.1 x 2.7 cm, 0.75 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eExtractive Metallurgy of Titanium: Conventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal\u003c\/i\u003e contains information on current and developing processes for the production of titanium. The methods for producing Ti metal are grouped into two categories, including the reduction of TiCl4 and the reduction of TiO2, with their processes classified as either electrochemical or thermochemical. Descriptions of each method or process include both the fundamental principles of the method and the engineering challenges in their practice. In addition, a review of the chemical and physical characteristics of the product produced by each method is included. \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eSections cover the purity of titanium metal produced based on ASTM and other industry standards, energy consumption, cost and the potential environmental impacts of the processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContents\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction to the development of processes for primary\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi metal production 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhigang Zak Fang, Hyrum D. Lefler, F.H. Froes, and Ying Zhang\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart 1 Extractive chemical metallurgy processes 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. A brief introduction to production of titanium dioxide\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand titanium tetrachloride 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMichael L. Free\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Background 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Ore sources 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Processing methods 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Minerals, slags, and other feedstock for the production\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eof titanium metal 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimitrios Filippou and Guillaume Hudon\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Ilmenite, rutile, and other natural titanium minerals 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Ilmenite smelting to titania slag 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Ilmenite conversion to synthetic rutile 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Titania slag upgrading to UGS 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Production of titanium carbide feedstock 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Conclusions 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Chemical processes for the production of titanium tetrachloride\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eas precursor of titanium metal 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuillaume Hudon and Dimitrios Filippou\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Titanium tetrachloride 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Production of titanium tetrachloride 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Titanium tetrachloride purification 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Production of pure titanium dioxide 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Other precursors 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart 2 Thermochemical reduction of TiCl4 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Fundamentals of thermochemical reduction of TiCl4 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToru H. Okabe and Osamu Takeda\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Historical developments in titanium metal production 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Kroll process 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Hunter process 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Fundamentals of titanium reduction process 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Electrochemical reactions during thermochemical reduction 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Reduction mechanism of TiCl4 during the Kroll process 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Past research for new titanium production processes 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Summary 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. The Kroll process and production of titanium sponge 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatthew R. Earlam\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Source of ore 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Production of TiCl4 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Purification of TiCl4 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. The Hunter process 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Armstrong process 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Kroll process 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Magnesium reduced acid leach (MRAL) (no longer practiced) 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Vacuum distillation process TOHO timet 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Preparation for melting 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. A modified Kroll process via production of TiH2 - thermochemical\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ereductions of TiCl4 using hydrogen and Mg 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMykhailo Matviychuk, Andrey Klevtsov, and Vladimir S. Moxson\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Process description 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Experimental results 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Role of hydrogen for ADMA process 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart 3 Thermochemical reduction of TiO2 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Metallothermic reduction of TiO2 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToru H. Okabe\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Studies on reduction of titanium oxide before 2000 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Studies on reduction of titanium oxide after 2000 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Future prospects of metallothermic reduction processes for direct\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eproduction of titanium from oxides 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Summary 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Hydrogen assisted magnesiothermic reduction (HAMR) of\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO2 to produce titanium metal powder 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYang Xia, Hyrum D. Lefler, Ying Zhang, Pei Sun, and Zhigang Zak Fang\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Fundamentals of the HAMR process 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. HAMR process description 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. HAMR product characterization 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Summary 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Deoxygenation of Ti metal 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYing Zhang, Zhigang Zak Fang, Pei Sun, Yang Xia, Hyrum D. Lefler,\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eand Shili Zheng\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Thermodynamic properties of the TieO solid solutions 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Methods of deoxygenation 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Concluding remarks 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. Appendix 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart 4 Electrochemical reduction of TiO2 and TiOC 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. Invention and fundamentals of the FFC Cambridge Process 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeorge Z. Chen and Derek J. Fray\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Background: how the concept of electro-deoxidation came about 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Understanding of electro-deoxidation: interactions of the oxide cathode\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewith molten salts 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Understanding of electro-deoxidation: metal\/insulator\/electrolyte 3PI\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003emodels 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Understanding of electro-deoxidation: the metal-to-oxide molar volume\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eratio 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Development of an inert anode for electro-deoxidation in calcium\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003echloride based melts 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Electro-deoxidation of other metal oxides 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Electro-desulfidation of metal sulfides 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Electro-deoxidation of mixed metal oxides 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Titanium based medical implant materials 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Cathodic protection of titanium 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11. Outlook and Prospective 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. Conclusions 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12. OS process: calciothermic reduction of TiO2 via CaO electrolysis\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ein molten CaCl2 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRyosuke O. Suzuki, Shungo Natsui, and Tatsuya Kikuchi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Cell design 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Thermodynamics of desired salt 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Validity of Ca reduction during electrolysis 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Conclusion 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13. Titanium production through electrolysis of titanium oxycarbide\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003econsumable anodedthe USTB process 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHongmin Zhu, Shuqiang Jiao, Jiusan Xiao, and Jun Zhu\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Crystalline structure of titanium oxycarbide and titanium\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eoxycarbonitride 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Thermodynamic properties and preparation of titanium oxycarbide from\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiO2 by carbon thermal reduction 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Electrochemical dissolution of consumable anode 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Electrochemical deposition on the cathode 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Scaling up and practices of USTB process 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14. Electrolysis of carbothermic treated titanium oxides to produce\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTi metal 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJames C. Withers\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther reading 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart 5 Other processes 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15. Selected processes for Ti production e a cursory review 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePei Sun, Ying Zhang, and Zhigang Zak Fang\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Continuous processes using Mg or Na as the reductant 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Processes using low-cost alternatives as reductants 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Summary 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16. Recycling of Ti 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOsamu Takeda, Toru H. Okabe\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Ti scraps generated in the smelting process 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Ti scraps generated in the aircraft industry 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Material flow of Ti scraps 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Recycling technologies for Ti scraps 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Future perspective of recycling technologies 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Conclusions and future remarks 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17. Energy consumption of the Kroll and HAMR processes for\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etitanium production 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eYang Xia, Hyrum D. Lefler, Zhigang Zak Fang, Ying Zhang, and Pei Sun\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Review of energy consumption in the Kroll process 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Modeling and analysis of energy consumption in the HAMR process 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Energy consumption in other emerging processes 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Summary and comparison of Kroll and HAMR processes 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 411\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Materials science [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Materials science\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Materials%20science%20%5BTGM%5D%22\"\u003eTGM\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Freshly Printed Books","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46650092519704,"sku":"9780128172001","price":134.69,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/products\/9780128172001.jpg?v=1694105806","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/extractive-metallurgy-of-titanium-conventional-and-recent-advances-in-extraction-and-production-of-titanium-metal-paperback-9780128172001","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}