{"product_id":"emerging-materials-for-photodegradation-and-environmental-remediation-of-micro-and-nano-plastics-recent-developments-and-future-prospects-hardback-9781836690092","title":"Emerging Materials for Photodegradation and Environmental Remediation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics; Recent Developments and Future Prospects (Hardback) 9781836690092","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eEmerging Materials for Photodegradation and Environmental Remediation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eRecent Developments and Future Prospects\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eLaxman Singh (Edited by), Singh (Author), Sunil Kumar (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781836690092, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 8 July 2025\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e416 pages\u003cbr\u003e28 x 19 x 2.7 cm, 0.737 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eEmerging Materials for Photodegradation and Environmental Remediation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics\u003c\/i\u003e provides an in-depth understanding of the materials, design choices and applications needed for the mitigation of micro- and nano-plastic pollutants from environmental wastewater. This is a topic that continually attracts attention worldwide.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is an important book for academic institutes and libraries, scientific organizations, and global research industries, and has been created for a wide audience. The book provides the scope of material design, synthesis, detailed mechanisms, spectroscopic analysis, and problem-solving strategies in environmental remediation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scope of the book on reactive, functional materials and applications extends far beyond the emerging technologies that possess valuable insights of the synthesis, processing and physiochemical characteristics and their functional properties for academics, postgraduates, research scholars, scientists, technologists, environmental chemists and industrialists. This book presents fifteen chapters, which explore new ideas in processing, designing, synthesis, selection, application, photocatalytic efficiency and economic justifications of emerging materials.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForeword xv\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eYoungil LEE\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eLaxman SINGH and Sunil KUMAR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxi\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eLaxman SINGH and Sunil KUMAR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 1 Micro- and Nano-Plastic Pollution: Present Status on Environmental Issues and Photocatalytic Degradation 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMonika VERMA, Yashaswini and Sujata KUNDAN\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 MPs and NPs: Sources, impact and health hazards 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Micro-plastics 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Nano-plastics 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Sources and environmental risks 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Impact of Covid-19 on plastic pollution 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Methods for plastic degradation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Current methods for plastic degradation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Emerging solutions for plastic degradation 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Conclusion 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Future directions for plastic pollution control 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 References 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 2 Metal Oxide-based Smart Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano Plastics 19\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRoopam GAUR and Satyendra SINGH\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Metal oxide photocatalysts and their characteristics 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 ZnO 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 CuO 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 NiO 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Conclusion and future prospectives 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Acknowledgments 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 References 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 3 WO 3-based Smart Material for Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastic 37\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRachana SAIN and Sudarshan SARKAR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Overview of micro- and nano-plastics 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Photocatalytic degradation mechanism 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Tungsten trioxide (WO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e) 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 (WO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e)-based smart materials 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Synthesis of WO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e -based smart material 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 A few WO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c\/sub\u003e -based smart materials 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Applications and future scope 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 References 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 4 The Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes in Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano Plastic 61\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eManish KUMAR and Sunil KUMAR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Micro- and nano-plastic 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Carbon nanotube materials 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Coating of carbon nanotube as photocatalytic degradation materials 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 TiO\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c\/sub\u003ecoating 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 ZnO coating 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Functionalized carbon nanotube as photocatalytic degradation materials 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Single wall carbon nanotube 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Multiwall carbon nanotube 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 Noncovalent endohedral and exohedral functionalization with surfactants 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Graphene-functionalized carbon nanotube 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Hetero atom doping of carbon nanotube as photocatalytic degradation material 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Conclusion 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 References 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 5 Environmental Justifications of MXene towards Photocatalytic Capture and Conversion of Micro- and Nano-Plastic 81\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSweta SINGH and Abhijeet KUMAR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Nanomaterial catalyzed methods for the degradation of micro- and nano-plastics 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Photocatalytic degradation of micro- and nano-plastics 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 MXene: a nanomaterial with diverse applications 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Important properties of MXenes 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Application of MXene as photocatalyst 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Application of MXene-based materials for the degradation of organic pollutants 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 MXene as photocatalyst for degradation of MPs and NPs 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Conclusion 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 References 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 6 Metal–Organic Framework based on Functional Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastic 105\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVinita, Madhu TIWARI, Pravesh Kumar YADAV, Arun Pratap VERMA, Chandrakala SINGH and Sudhakar\u003c\/i\u003e \u003ci\u003ePANDEY\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Historical background and discovery of metal–organic frameworks 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Bonding in metal–organic frameworks 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Dimensionality of metal–organic frameworks 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Methods for the synthesis of metal–organic frameworks 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Ultrasonic synthesis 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Electrochemical synthesis 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Mechanochemical synthesis 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Microwave synthesis 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Properties of metal–organic frameworks 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Micro- and nano-plastics 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Photocatalytic degradation of micro- and nano-plastics 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Changes in micro-\/nano-plastics morphology in photocatalytic degradation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Factors influencing photocatalytic degradation efficiency 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Role of micromotors in photocatalytic degradation of MPs\/NPs 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Photocatalytic water purification: removal of micro- and nano-plastics from water 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1 Photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate nano-plastics 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2 Photodisintegration of emerging pollutants 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 References 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 7 Carbon-based Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano-plastics 133\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eChandrakala SINGH and Devjani ADHIKARI\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Classification of carbon-based nanomaterials 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Carbon nanotubes 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Single-walled carbon nanotubes 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Double-walled carbon nanotubes 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Multi-walled carbon nanotubes 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Fullerene 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.6 Nanodiamonds 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.7 Carbon dots 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.8 Graphene 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.9 Graphene nanoribbons 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.10 Graphene quantum dots 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 An overview of photocatalysts’ breakdown of MPs and NPs 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Carbonaceous nanomaterials 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Graphene, RGO (reduced graphene oxide) and GO 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Carbon nanotubes 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Nano-graphite 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Conclusion 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 References 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 8 Graphene-based Materials for Photodegradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics 159\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeeta SINGH and Preeti GUPTA\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Overview of micro-plastics 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Overview of nano-plastics 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Environmental impact of micro- and nano-plastics 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Better alternatives to plastics 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Status of plastic recycling in India with other countries 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Graphene-based materials 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Structure and characteristics of graphene-based materials 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Photodegradation and graphene-based materials 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Application of GMBs in removal\/degradation\/remediation of different pollutants 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Photodegradation of micro- and nano-plastics by graphene-based materials 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Challenges and future perspectives 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Environmental fate of graphene-based materials 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Conclusion 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 References 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 9 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics 183\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eThakur Prasad YADAV and Kalpana AWASTHI\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 2D materials 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Graphene family 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Transition metal dichalcogenides and MXenes 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Phosphorene 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Oxides and hydroxide materials 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Synthesis of 2D materials 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Properties and applications of 2D materials 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Application of 2D materials in photocatalytic degradation 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Micro- and nano-plastics 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Micro- and nano-plastics identification 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Microscopy: stereo microscopy and dissecting microscopy 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Fluorescence microscopy 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Transmission electron microscopy 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.4 Scanning electron microscopy 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.5 Atomic force microscopy 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.6 FTIR spectroscopy 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.7 Raman spectroscopy 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.8 Thermal analysis 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.9 New approaches and new identification strategies 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.10 Impact of micro- and nano-plastics on human health 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Photocatalytic degradation of micro- and nano-plastic 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Photocatalytic degradation of micro- and nano-plastic through 2D materials 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Summary and conclusion 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Acknowledgments 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 References 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 10 Hybrid 2D-Smart Materials in Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics 215\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNiranjan PATRA, Gudiguntla RAVI, Muddada Jaya SURYA and Akil AHMAD\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 2D materials: properties and functionalities 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Electronic properties 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Optical properties 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Mechanical properties 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Thermal properties 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Chemical properties and functionalization 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.6 Synergistic effects in hybrid 2D materials 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Hybrid 2D-smart materials: design and synthesis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Synthesis techniques 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Examples of hybrid 2D-smart materials 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of micro- and nano-plastics 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Initiation of degradation 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Role of photocatalyst morphology and composition 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Pathways of degradation 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Environmental factors and degradation efficiency 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Degradation of micro-plastics in marine environments 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Photocatalytic degradation of nano-plastics in wastewater treatment 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Integration of photocatalytic coatings in water purification systems 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Photocatalytic degradation of micro-plastics in agricultural soils 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Challenges, limitations and future scopes 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusions 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 References 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 11 Design and Structural Modification of Advanced Biomaterials for Photocatalytic\u003cbr\u003e Degradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics 241\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNisha MANDLOI, Poonam SHARMA, Aakanksha MEWAL and Ajit Kumar VARMA\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Plastic pollution: a global challenge 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Photocatalytic degradation: a green approach 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Smart biomaterials: overview and selection criteria 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Definition and characteristics of smart biomaterials 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Selection criteria for smart biomaterials 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Design principles for enhanced photocatalysis 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Tailoring optical properties 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Surface functionalization for targeted activity 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Structural modifications for improved efficiency 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Nanocomposite formation 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Porosity enhancement 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Case studies and applications 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Titanium dioxide nanomaterials 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Graphene-based smart biomaterials 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Challenges and future perspectives 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Overcoming biocompatibility concerns 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Scalability and cost-effectiveness 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Integration with other remediation techniques 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Conclusion 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 References 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 12 Nanocomposites: Sustainable Resources for Photodegradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics\u003cbr\u003e 281\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNisha SHANKHWAR, Pinki SINGH, Jewel THOMAS and Satyendra SINGH\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Addressing environmental challenges with nanocomposites 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Photocatalytic degradation of micro- and nano-plastics 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Nanocomposites in environmental remediation 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Understanding nanocomposites 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Enhanced mechanical, thermal, electrical and optical properties 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Nanocomposite composition and structure 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Synthesis of nanocomposites 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Synthesis techniques 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Optimization of synthesis parameters 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Photodegradation mechanisms 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Mechanism of photocatalytic reaction 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Energy absorption and electron–hole pair generation 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Charge aggregation and surface migration 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Redox reactions at the interface 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.5 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an oxygen-rich atmosphere 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.6 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an inert atmosphere 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Nanocomposites for micro- and nano-plastic degradation 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Titanium dioxide and modified composites 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Zinc oxide and modified composites 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Zirconium dioxide and modified composites 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.4 Tungsten trioxide and modified composites 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.5 Carbon nitride-based composites 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.6 Perovskite-like materials 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Photodegradation efficiency 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1 Light absorption 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2 Electron–hole pair generation 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3 Reactive oxygen species formation 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.4 Interaction with micro- and nano-plastics 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.5 Mineralization 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Applications and case studies 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1. Nanocomposites for micro- and nano-plastic pollution control 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 Application in photodegradation 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Challenges and considerations\/future directions 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.1 Future vistas and emerging trends 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9.2 The power of cross-disciplinary collaboration 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Conclusion 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Acknowledgments 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 References 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 13 Fabrication of Plant\/Biogenic-based Metallic Nanomaterials for Degradation of Micro- and\u003cbr\u003e Nano-Plastics 301\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePreeti GUPTA and Geeta SINGH\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Environment and micro- and nano-plastics 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Role of nanomaterials in micro- and nano-plastics 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Plant\/biogenic metallic nanomaterials 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Characterization technique involved in nanomaterials 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Properties of nanomaterials 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Degradation of micro- and nano-plastics 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conclusion and future prospectives 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 References 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 14 Efficiency of Hybrid Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastics\u003cbr\u003e 319\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVaishali GUPTA and Satyendra SINGH\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Behavior of micro- and nano-plastics 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Objective of the chapter 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Global plastic production 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Photocatalytic degradation 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Hybrid smart materials for degradation of microand nano-plastics 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Conclusions and suggestions for the future 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 References 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter 15 Surface Modifications of BiVO 4 Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Micro- and Nano-Plastic 341\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNikita YADAV, Vaishali GUPTA and Ojasvi SAINI\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction to micro- and nano-plastic pollution 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Overview of micro- and nano-plastic pollution: a growing environmental concern 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Definition and classification 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Occurrence and distribution of micro- and nano-plastic in environmental matrices 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Semiconductor photocatalysis in environmental remediation: fundamentals and principles 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Factors influencing photocatalytic efficiency 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Role of semiconductors in environmental clean-up 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Role of BiVO 4 in photocatalytic degradation of micro- and nano-plastics 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Introduction to BiVO 4 semiconductors 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Significance of BiVO 4 in photocatalysis 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Advantages and limitations of BiVO 4 for this application 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Surface modifications of BiVO₄ for enhanced catalytic activity 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Overview of surface modification techniques 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Chemical modifications: metal and nonmetal doping and co-catalyst deposition 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Physical modifications 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Hybrid and composite materials 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.5 Advances in surface modification technologies 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Applications and challenges in real-world scenarios 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Practical applications in micro- and nano-plastic degradation 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Conclusion 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 References 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Authors 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 375\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-ISTE","offers":[{"title":"Brand 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