{"product_id":"digital-electronics-principles-devices-and-applications-hardback-9780470032145","title":"Digital Electronics; Principles, Devices and Applications (Hardback) 9780470032145","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eDigital Electronics\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003ePrinciples, Devices and Applications\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eAnil K. Maini (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780470032145, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 27 July 2007\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e752 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.2 x 17.4 x 4.6 cm, 1.418 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\"It is easy to read, well structured, and will be a rich resource and valuable study companion for students of electrical and computer engineering.\" (\u003ci\u003eComputing Reviews\u003c\/i\u003e, February 6, 2008)  \u003cp\u003e\"There is a particularly notable section on numerical systems and conversions from one radix system to another that, along with the presentation of binary coding and interpretation schemes, demonstrates the clarity and extent of Maini's work to construct a definitive road map...\" (\u003ci\u003eCHOICE\u003c\/i\u003e, March 2008)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eThe fundamentals and implementation of digital electronics are essential to understanding the design and working of consumer\/industrial electronics, communications, embedded systems, computers, security and military equipment. \u003cp\u003eDevices used in applications such as these are constantly decreasing in size and employing more complex technology. It is therefore essential for engineers and students to understand the fundamentals, implementation and application principles of digital electronics, devices and integrated circuits. This is so that they can use the most appropriate and effective technique to suit their technical need.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book provides practical and comprehensive coverage of digital electronics, bringing together information on fundamental theory, operational aspects and potential applications. With worked problems, examples, and review questions for each chapter, \u003ci\u003eDigital Electronics\u003c\/i\u003e includes:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003einformation on number systems, binary codes, digital arithmetic, logic gates and families, and Boolean algebra;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ean in-depth look at multiplexers, de-multiplexers, devices for arithmetic operations, flip-flops and related devices, counters and registers, and data conversion circuits;\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eup-to-date coverage of recent application fields, such as programmable logic devices, microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital troubleshooting and digital instrumentation.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comprehensive, must-read book on digital electronics for senior undergraduate and graduate students of electrical, electronics and computer engineering, and a valuable reference book for professionals and researchers.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Number Systems 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Analogue Versus Digital 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Introduction to Number Systems 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Decimal Number System 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Binary Number System 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.4.1 Advantages \u003c\/i\u003e3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Octal Number System 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Hexadecimal Number System 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Number Systems – Some Common Terms 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.7.1 Binary Number System \u003c\/i\u003e4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.7.2 Decimal Number System \u003c\/i\u003e5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.7.3 Octal Number System \u003c\/i\u003e5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.7.4 Hexadecimal Number System \u003c\/i\u003e5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Number Representation in Binary 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.8.1 Sign-Bit Magnitude \u003c\/i\u003e5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.8.2 1’s Complement \u003c\/i\u003e6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.8.3 2’s Complement \u003c\/i\u003e6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Finding the Decimal Equivalent 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.9.1 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.9.2 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.9.3 Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Decimal-to-Octal Conversion 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 Binary–Octal and Octal–Binary Conversions 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14 Hex–Binary and Binary–Hex Conversions 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 Hex–Octal and Octal–Hex Conversions 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16 The Four Axioms 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 Floating-Point Numbers 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.17.1 Range of Numbers and Precision \u003c\/i\u003e13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.17.2 Floating-Point Number Formats \u003c\/i\u003e13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Binary Codes 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Binary Coded Decimal 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.1.1 BCD-to-Binary Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.1.2 Binary-to-BCD Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.1.3 Higher-Density BCD Encoding \u003c\/i\u003e21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.1.4 Packed and Unpacked BCD Numbers \u003c\/i\u003e21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Excess-3 Code 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Gray Code 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.3.1 Binary–Gray Code Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.3.2 Gray Code–Binary Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.3.3 n-ary Gray Code \u003c\/i\u003e25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.3.4 Applications \u003c\/i\u003e25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Alphanumeric Codes 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.4.1 ASCII code \u003c\/i\u003e28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.4.2 EBCDIC code \u003c\/i\u003e31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.4.3 Unicode \u003c\/i\u003e37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Seven-segment Display Code 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Error Detection and Correction Codes 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.6.1 Parity Code \u003c\/i\u003e41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.6.2 Repetition Code \u003c\/i\u003e41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.6.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check Code \u003c\/i\u003e41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.6.4 Hamming Code \u003c\/i\u003e42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Digital Arithmetic 47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Basic Rules of Binary Addition and Subtraction 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Addition of Larger-Bit Binary Numbers 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.2.1 Addition Using the 2’s Complement Method \u003c\/i\u003e49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Subtraction of Larger-Bit Binary Numbers 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.3.1 Subtraction Using 2’s Complement Arithmetic \u003c\/i\u003e53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 BCD Addition and Subtraction in Excess-3 Code 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.4.1 Addition \u003c\/i\u003e57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.4.2 Subtraction \u003c\/i\u003e57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Binary Multiplication 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.5.1 Repeated Left-Shift and Add Algorithm \u003c\/i\u003e59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.5.2 Repeated Add and Right-Shift Algorithm \u003c\/i\u003e59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Binary Division 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.6.1 Repeated Right-Shift and Subtract Algorithm \u003c\/i\u003e61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.6.2 Repeated Subtract and Left-Shift Algorithm \u003c\/i\u003e62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Floating-Point Arithmetic 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.7.1 Addition and Subtraction \u003c\/i\u003e65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.7.2 Multiplication and Division \u003c\/i\u003e65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Logic Gates and Related Devices 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Positive and Negative Logic 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Truth Table 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Logic Gates 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.1 OR Gate \u003c\/i\u003e71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.2 AND Gate \u003c\/i\u003e73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.3 NOT Gate \u003c\/i\u003e75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.4 EXCLUSIVE-OR Gate \u003c\/i\u003e76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.5 NAND Gate \u003c\/i\u003e79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.6 NOR Gate \u003c\/i\u003e79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.7 EXCLUSIVE-NOR Gate \u003c\/i\u003e80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.3.8 INHIBIT Gate \u003c\/i\u003e82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Universal Gates 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Gates with Open Collector\/Drain Outputs 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Tristate Logic Gates 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 AND-OR-INVERT Gates 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Schmitt Gates 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Special Output Gates 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Fan-Out of Logic Gates 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Buffers and Transceivers 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 IEEE\/ANSI Standard Symbols 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.12.1 IEEE\/ANSI Standards – Salient Features \u003c\/i\u003e100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.12.2 ANSI Symbols for Logic Gate ICs \u003c\/i\u003e101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Some Common Applications of Logic Gates 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.13.1 OR Gate \u003c\/i\u003e103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.13.2 AND Gate \u003c\/i\u003e104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.13.3 EX-OR\/EX-NOR Gate \u003c\/i\u003e104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.13.4 Inverter \u003c\/i\u003e105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14 Application-Relevant Information 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Logic Families 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Logic Families – Significance and Types 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.1.1 Significance \u003c\/i\u003e115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.1.2 Types of Logic Family \u003c\/i\u003e116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Characteristic Parameters 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.1 Standard TTL \u003c\/i\u003e125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.2 Other Logic Gates in Standard TTL \u003c\/i\u003e127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.3 Low-Power TTL \u003c\/i\u003e133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.4 High-Power TTL (74H\/54H) \u003c\/i\u003e134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.5 Schottky TTL (74S\/54S) \u003c\/i\u003e135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.6 Low-Power Schottky TTL (74LS\/54LS) \u003c\/i\u003e136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.7 Advanced Low-Power Schottky TTL (74ALS\/54ALS) \u003c\/i\u003e137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.8 Advanced Schottky TTL (74AS\/54AS) \u003c\/i\u003e139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.9 Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL (74F\/54F) \u003c\/i\u003e140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.10 Floating and Unused Inputs \u003c\/i\u003e141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.3.11 Current Transients and Power Supply Decoupling \u003c\/i\u003e142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.4.1 Different Subfamilies \u003c\/i\u003e147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.4.2 Logic Gate Implementation in ECL \u003c\/i\u003e148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.4.3 Salient Features of ECL \u003c\/i\u003e150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 CMOS Logic Family 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.5.1 Circuit Implementation of Logic Functions \u003c\/i\u003e151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.5.2 CMOS Subfamilies \u003c\/i\u003e165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 BiCMOS Logic 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.6.1 BiCMOS Inverter \u003c\/i\u003e171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.6.2 BiCMOS NAND \u003c\/i\u003e171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 NMOS and PMOS Logic 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.7.1 PMOS Logic \u003c\/i\u003e173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.7.2 NMOS Logic \u003c\/i\u003e174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Integrated Injection Logic (I2L) Family 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Comparison of Different Logic Families 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Guidelines to Using TTL Devices 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Guidelines to Handling and Using CMOS Devices 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Interfacing with Different Logic Families 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.12.1 CMOS-to-TTL Interface \u003c\/i\u003e179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.12.2 TTL-to-CMOS Interface \u003c\/i\u003e180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.12.3 TTL-to-ECL and ECL-to-TTL Interfaces \u003c\/i\u003e180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.12.4 CMOS-to-ECL and ECL-to-CMOS Interfaces \u003c\/i\u003e183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Classification of Digital ICs 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Application-Relevant Information 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Boolean Algebra and Simplification Techniques 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction to Boolean Algebra 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1.1 Variables, Literals and Terms in Boolean Expressions \u003c\/i\u003e190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1.2 Equivalent and Complement of Boolean Expressions \u003c\/i\u003e190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1.3 Dual of a Boolean Expression \u003c\/i\u003e191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Postulates of Boolean Algebra 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Theorems of Boolean Algebra 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.1 Theorem 1 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’) \u003c\/i\u003e192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.2 Theorem 2 (Operations with ‘0’ and ‘1’) \u003c\/i\u003e193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.3 Theorem 3 (Idempotent or Identity Laws) \u003c\/i\u003e193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.4 Theorem 4 (Complementation Law) \u003c\/i\u003e193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.5 Theorem 5 (Commutative Laws) \u003c\/i\u003e194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.6 Theorem 6 (Associative Laws) \u003c\/i\u003e194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.7 Theorem 7 (Distributive Laws) \u003c\/i\u003e195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.8 Theorem 8 \u003c\/i\u003e196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.9 Theorem 9 \u003c\/i\u003e197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.10 Theorem 10 (Absorption Law or Redundancy Law) \u003c\/i\u003e197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.11 Theorem 11 \u003c\/i\u003e197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.12 Theorem 12 (Consensus Theorem) \u003c\/i\u003e198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.13 Theorem 13 (DeMorgan’s Theorem) \u003c\/i\u003e199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.14 Theorem 14 (Transposition Theorem) \u003c\/i\u003e200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.15 Theorem 15 \u003c\/i\u003e201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.16 Theorem 16 \u003c\/i\u003e201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.3.17 Theorem 17 (Involution Law) \u003c\/i\u003e202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Simplification Techniques 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.1 Sum-of-Products Boolean Expressions \u003c\/i\u003e204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.2 Product-of-Sums Expressions \u003c\/i\u003e205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.3 Expanded Forms of Boolean Expressions \u003c\/i\u003e206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.4 Canonical Form of Boolean Expressions \u003c\/i\u003e206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.4.5 \u003c\/i\u003e_ \u003ci\u003eand \u003c\/i\u003e_ \u003ci\u003eNomenclature \u003c\/i\u003e207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Quine–McCluskey Tabular Method 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.5.1 Tabular Method for Multi-Output Functions \u003c\/i\u003e212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Karnaugh Map Method 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.6.1 Construction of a Karnaugh Map \u003c\/i\u003e216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.6.2 Karnaugh Map for Boolean Expressions with a Larger Number of Variables \u003c\/i\u003e222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.6.3 Karnaugh Maps for Multi-Output Functions \u003c\/i\u003e225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Arithmetic Circuits 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Combinational Circuits 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Implementing Combinational Logic 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Arithmetic Circuits – Basic Building Blocks 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.1 Half-Adder \u003c\/i\u003e236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.2 Full Adder \u003c\/i\u003e237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.3 Half-Subtractor \u003c\/i\u003e240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.4 Full Subtractor \u003c\/i\u003e242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.3.5 Controlled Inverter \u003c\/i\u003e244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Adder–Subtractor 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 BCD Adder 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Carry Propagation–Look-Ahead Carry Generator 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Multipliers 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Magnitude Comparator 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e7.9.1 Cascading Magnitude Comparators \u003c\/i\u003e263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Application-Relevant Information 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 269\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Multiplexer 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1.1 Inside the Multiplexer \u003c\/i\u003e271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1.2 Implementing Boolean Functions with Multiplexers \u003c\/i\u003e273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1.3 Multiplexers for Parallel-to-Serial Data Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.1.4 Cascading Multiplexer Circuits \u003c\/i\u003e280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Encoders 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.2.1 Priority Encoder \u003c\/i\u003e281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Demultiplexers and Decoders 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.1 Implementing Boolean Functions with Decoders \u003c\/i\u003e286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e8.3.2 Cascading Decoder Circuits \u003c\/i\u003e288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Application-Relevant Information 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Programmable Logic Devices 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Fixed Logic Versus Programmable Logic 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages \u003c\/i\u003e301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Programmable Logic Devices – An Overview 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.2.1 Programmable ROMs \u003c\/i\u003e302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.2.2 Programmable Logic Array \u003c\/i\u003e302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.2.3 Programmable Array Logic \u003c\/i\u003e304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.2.4 Generic Array Logic \u003c\/i\u003e305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.2.5 Complex Programmable Logic Device \u003c\/i\u003e306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.2.6 Field-Programmable Gate Array \u003c\/i\u003e307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Programmable ROMs 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Programmable Logic Array 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Programmable Array Logic 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.5.1 PAL Architecture \u003c\/i\u003e319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.5.2 PAL Numbering System \u003c\/i\u003e320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Generic Array Logic 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Complex Programmable Logic Devices 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.7.1 Internal Architecture \u003c\/i\u003e328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.7.2 Applications \u003c\/i\u003e330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.8.1 Internal Architecture \u003c\/i\u003e331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.8.2 Applications \u003c\/i\u003e333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Programmable Interconnect Technologies 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.9.1 Fuse \u003c\/i\u003e334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.9.2 Floating-Gate Transistor Switch \u003c\/i\u003e334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.9.3 Static RAM-Controlled Programmable Switches \u003c\/i\u003e335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.9.4 Antifuse \u003c\/i\u003e335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Design and Development of Programmable Logic Hardware 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Programming Languages 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.11.1 ABEL-Hardware Description Language \u003c\/i\u003e339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.11.2 VHDL-VHSIC Hardware Description Language \u003c\/i\u003e339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.11.3 Verilog \u003c\/i\u003e339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.11.4 Java HDL \u003c\/i\u003e340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Application Information on PLDs 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.12.1 SPLDs \u003c\/i\u003e340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.12.2 CPLDs \u003c\/i\u003e343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e9.12.3 FPGAs \u003c\/i\u003e349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Flip-Flops and Related Devices 357\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Multivibrator 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.1.1 Bistable Multivibrator \u003c\/i\u003e357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.1.2 Schmitt Trigger \u003c\/i\u003e358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.1.3 Monostable Multivibrator \u003c\/i\u003e360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.1.4 Astable Multivibrator \u003c\/i\u003e362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Integrated Circuit (IC) Multivibrators 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.2.1 Digital IC-Based Monostable Multivibrator \u003c\/i\u003e363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.2.2 IC Timer-Based Multivibrators \u003c\/i\u003e363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 R-S Flip-Flop 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.3.1 \u003c\/i\u003eR\u003ci\u003e-\u003c\/i\u003eS \u003ci\u003eFlip-Flop with Active LOW Inputs \u003c\/i\u003e374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.3.2 \u003c\/i\u003eR\u003ci\u003e-\u003c\/i\u003eS \u003ci\u003eFlip-Flop with Active HIGH Inputs \u003c\/i\u003e375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.3.3 Clocked \u003c\/i\u003eR\u003ci\u003e-\u003c\/i\u003eS \u003ci\u003eFlip-Flop \u003c\/i\u003e377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Level-Triggered and Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 J-K Flip-Flop 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.5.1 \u003c\/i\u003eJ\u003ci\u003e-\u003c\/i\u003eK \u003ci\u003eFlip-Flop with PRESET and CLEAR Inputs \u003c\/i\u003e382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.5.2 Master–Slave Flip-Flops \u003c\/i\u003e382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Toggle Flip-Flop (T Flip-Flop) 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.6.1 J-K Flip-Flop as a Toggle Flip-Flop \u003c\/i\u003e391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 D Flip-Flop 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.7.1 \u003c\/i\u003eJ\u003ci\u003e-\u003c\/i\u003eK \u003ci\u003eFlip-Flop as D Flip-Flop \u003c\/i\u003e395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.7.2 D Latch \u003c\/i\u003e395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Synchronous and Asynchronous Inputs 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Flip-Flop Timing Parameters 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.9.1 Set-Up and Hold Times \u003c\/i\u003e399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.9.2 Propagation Delay \u003c\/i\u003e399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.9.3 Clock Pulse HIGH and LOW Times \u003c\/i\u003e401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.9.4 Asynchronous Input Active Pulse Width \u003c\/i\u003e401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.9.5 Clock Transition Times \u003c\/i\u003e402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.9.6 Maximum Clock Frequency \u003c\/i\u003e402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Flip-Flop Applications 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.10.1 Switch Debouncing \u003c\/i\u003e402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.10.2 Flip-Flop Synchronization \u003c\/i\u003e404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e10.10.3 Detecting the Sequence of Edges \u003c\/i\u003e404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Application-Relevant Data 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Counters and Registers 411\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Ripple (Asynchronous) Counter 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.1.1 Propagation Delay in Ripple Counters \u003c\/i\u003e412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Synchronous Counter 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Modulus of a Counter 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Binary Ripple Counter – Operational Basics 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.4.1 Binary Ripple Counters with a Modulus of Less than 2\u003c\/i\u003eN 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.4.2 Ripple Counters in IC Form \u003c\/i\u003e418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Synchronous (or Parallel) Counters 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 UP\/DOWN Counters 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Decade and BCD Counters 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Presettable Counters 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.8.1 Variable Modulus with Presettable Counters \u003c\/i\u003e428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Decoding a Counter 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Cascading Counters 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.10.1 Cascading Binary Counters \u003c\/i\u003e433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.10.2 Cascading BCD Counters \u003c\/i\u003e435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Designing Counters with Arbitrary Sequences 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.11.1 Excitation Table of a Flip-Flop \u003c\/i\u003e438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.11.2 State Transition Diagram \u003c\/i\u003e439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.11.3 Design Procedure \u003c\/i\u003e439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Shift Register 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.12.1 Serial-In Serial-Out Shift Register \u003c\/i\u003e449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.12.2 Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register \u003c\/i\u003e452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.12.3 Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register \u003c\/i\u003e452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.12.4 Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register \u003c\/i\u003e453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.12.5 Bidirectional Shift Register \u003c\/i\u003e455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.12.6 Universal Shift Register \u003c\/i\u003e455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 Shift Register Counters 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.13.1 Ring Counter \u003c\/i\u003e459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.13.2 Shift Counter \u003c\/i\u003e460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14 IEEE\/ANSI Symbology for Registers and Counters 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.14.1 Counters \u003c\/i\u003e464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e11.14.2 Registers \u003c\/i\u003e466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15 Application-Relevant Information 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Data Conversion Circuits – D\/A and A\/D Converters 473\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Digital-to-Analogue Converters 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.1.1 Simple Resistive Divider Network for D\/A Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.1.2 Binary Ladder Network for D\/A Conversion \u003c\/i\u003e475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 D\/A Converter Specifications 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.2.1 Resolution \u003c\/i\u003e476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.2.2 Accuracy \u003c\/i\u003e477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.2.3 Conversion Speed or Settling Time \u003c\/i\u003e477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.2.4 Dynamic Range \u003c\/i\u003e478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.2.5 Nonlinearity and Differential Nonlinearity \u003c\/i\u003e478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.2.6 Monotonocity \u003c\/i\u003e478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Types of D\/A Converter 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.3.1 Multiplying D\/A Converters \u003c\/i\u003e479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.3.2 Bipolar-Output D\/A Converters \u003c\/i\u003e480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.3.3 Companding D\/A Converters \u003c\/i\u003e480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Modes of Operation 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.4.1 Current Steering Mode of Operation \u003c\/i\u003e480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.4.2 Voltage Switching Mode of Operation \u003c\/i\u003e481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 BCD-Input D\/A Converter 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Integrated Circuit D\/A Converters 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.6.1 DAC-08 \u003c\/i\u003e486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.6.2 DAC-0808 \u003c\/i\u003e487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.6.3 DAC-80 \u003c\/i\u003e487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.6.4 AD 7524 \u003c\/i\u003e489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.6.5 DAC-1408\/DAC-1508 \u003c\/i\u003e489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 D\/A Converter Applications 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.7.1 D\/A Converter as a Multiplier \u003c\/i\u003e490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.7.2 D\/A converter as a Divider \u003c\/i\u003e490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.7.3 Programmable Integrator \u003c\/i\u003e491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.7.4 Low-Frequency Function Generator \u003c\/i\u003e492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.7.5 Digitally Controlled Filters \u003c\/i\u003e493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 A\/D Converters 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 A\/D Converter Specifications 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.1 Resolution \u003c\/i\u003e495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.2 Accuracy \u003c\/i\u003e496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.3 Gain and Offset Errors \u003c\/i\u003e496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.4 Gain and Offset Drifts \u003c\/i\u003e496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.5 Sampling Frequency and Aliasing Phenomenon \u003c\/i\u003e496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.6 Quantization Error \u003c\/i\u003e496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.7 Nonlinearity \u003c\/i\u003e497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.8 Differential Nonlinearity \u003c\/i\u003e497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.9 Conversion Time \u003c\/i\u003e498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.10 Aperture and Acquisition Times \u003c\/i\u003e498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.9.11 Code Width \u003c\/i\u003e499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 A\/D Converter Terminology 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.10.1 Unipolar Mode Operation \u003c\/i\u003e499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.10.2 Bipolar Mode Operation \u003c\/i\u003e499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.10.3 Coding \u003c\/i\u003e499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.10.4 Low Byte and High Byte \u003c\/i\u003e499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.10.5 Right-Justified Data, Left-Justified Data \u003c\/i\u003e499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.10.6 Command Register, Status Register \u003c\/i\u003e500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.10.7 Control Lines \u003c\/i\u003e500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Types of A\/D Converter 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.11.1 Simultaneous or Flash A\/D Converters \u003c\/i\u003e500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.11.2 Half-Flash A\/D Converter \u003c\/i\u003e503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.11.3 Counter-Type A\/D Converter \u003c\/i\u003e504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.11.4 Tracking-Type A\/D Converter \u003c\/i\u003e505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.11.5 Successive Approximation Type A\/D Converter \u003c\/i\u003e505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.11.6 Single-, Dual- and Multislope A\/D Converters \u003c\/i\u003e506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.11.7 Sigma-Delta A\/D Converter \u003c\/i\u003e509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Integrated Circuit A\/D Converters 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.12.1 ADC-0800 \u003c\/i\u003e513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.12.2 ADC-0808 \u003c\/i\u003e514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.12.3 ADC-80\/AD ADC-80 \u003c\/i\u003e515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.12.4 ADC-84\/ADC-85\/AD ADC-84\/AD ADC-85\/AD-5240 \u003c\/i\u003e516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.12.5 AD 7820 \u003c\/i\u003e516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.12.6 ICL 7106\/ICL 7107 \u003c\/i\u003e517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 A\/D Converter Applications 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e12.13.1 Data Acquisition \u003c\/i\u003e521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Microprocessors 525\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction to Microprocessors 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Evolution of Microprocessors 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Inside a Microprocessor 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.3.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) \u003c\/i\u003e529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.3.2 Register File \u003c\/i\u003e529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.3.3 Control Unit \u003c\/i\u003e531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Basic Microprocessor Instructions 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.4.1 Data Transfer Instructions \u003c\/i\u003e531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.4.2 Arithmetic Instructions \u003c\/i\u003e532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.4.3 Logic Instructions \u003c\/i\u003e533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.4.4 Control Transfer or Branch or Program Control Instructions \u003c\/i\u003e533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.4.5 Machine Control Instructions \u003c\/i\u003e534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Addressing Modes 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.5.1 Absolute or Memory Direct Addressing Mode \u003c\/i\u003e534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.5.2 Immediate Addressing Mode \u003c\/i\u003e535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.5.3 Register Direct Addressing Mode \u003c\/i\u003e535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.5.4 Register Indirect Addressing Mode \u003c\/i\u003e535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.5.5 Indexed Addressing Mode \u003c\/i\u003e536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.5.6 Implicit Addressing Mode and Relative Addressing Mode \u003c\/i\u003e537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Microprocessor Selection 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.6.1 Selection Criteria \u003c\/i\u003e537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.6.2 Microprocessor Selection Table for Common Applications \u003c\/i\u003e539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Programming Microprocessors 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 RISC Versus CISC Processors 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Eight-Bit Microprocessors 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.9.1 8085 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.9.2 Motorola 6800 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.9.3 Zilog Z80 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 16-Bit Microprocessors 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.10.1 8086 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.10.2 80186 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.10.3 80286 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.10.4 MC68000 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 32-Bit Microprocessors 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.11.1 80386 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.11.2 MC68020 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.11.3 MC68030 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.11.4 80486 Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.11.5 PowerPC RISC Microprocessors \u003c\/i\u003e557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 Pentium Series of Microprocessors 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.12.1 Salient Features \u003c\/i\u003e558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.12.2 Pentium Pro Microprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.12.3 Pentium II Series \u003c\/i\u003e559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.12.4 Pentium III and Pentium IV Microprocessors \u003c\/i\u003e559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.12.5 Pentium M, D and Extreme Edition Processors \u003c\/i\u003e559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.12.6 Celeron and Xeon Processors \u003c\/i\u003e560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Microprocessors for Embedded Applications 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 Peripheral Devices 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.1 Programmable Timer\/Counter \u003c\/i\u003e561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.2 Programmable Peripheral Interface \u003c\/i\u003e561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.3 Programmable Interrupt Controller \u003c\/i\u003e561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.4 DMA Controller \u003c\/i\u003e561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.5 Programmable Communication Interface \u003c\/i\u003e562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.6 Math Coprocessor \u003c\/i\u003e562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.7 Programmable Keyboard\/Display Interface \u003c\/i\u003e562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.8 Programmable CRT Controller \u003c\/i\u003e562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.9 Floppy Disk Controller \u003c\/i\u003e563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.10 Clock Generator \u003c\/i\u003e563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e13.14.11 Octal Bus Transceiver \u003c\/i\u003e563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Microcontrollers 565\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction to the Microcontroller 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.1.1 Applications \u003c\/i\u003e567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Inside the Microcontroller 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU) \u003c\/i\u003e568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.2.2 Random Access Memory (RAM) \u003c\/i\u003e569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.2.3 Read Only Memory (ROM) \u003c\/i\u003e569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.2.4 Special-Function Registers \u003c\/i\u003e569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.2.5 Peripheral Components \u003c\/i\u003e569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Microcontroller Architecture 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.3.1 Architecture to Access Memory \u003c\/i\u003e574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.3.2 Mapping Special-Function Registers into Memory Space \u003c\/i\u003e576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.3.3 Processor Architecture \u003c\/i\u003e577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Power-Saving Modes 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Application-Relevant Information 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.5.1 Eight-Bit Microcontrollers \u003c\/i\u003e580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.5.2 16-Bit Microcontrollers \u003c\/i\u003e588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.5.3 32-Bit Microcontrollers \u003c\/i\u003e590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Interfacing Peripheral Devices with a Microcontroller 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.6.1 Interfacing LEDs \u003c\/i\u003e592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.6.2 Interfacing Electromechanical Relays \u003c\/i\u003e593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.6.3 Interfacing Keyboards \u003c\/i\u003e594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.6.4 Interfacing Seven-Segment Displays \u003c\/i\u003e596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.6.5 Interfacing LCD Displays \u003c\/i\u003e598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.6.6 Interfacing A\/D Converters \u003c\/i\u003e600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e14.6.7 Interfacing D\/A Converters \u003c\/i\u003e600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Computer Fundamentals 605\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Anatomy of a Computer 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.1.1 Central Processing Unit \u003c\/i\u003e605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.1.2 Memory \u003c\/i\u003e606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.1.3 Input\/Output Ports \u003c\/i\u003e607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 A Computer System 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Types of Computer System 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.3.1 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Applications \u003c\/i\u003e607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.3.2 Classification of Computers on the Basis of the Technology Used \u003c\/i\u003e608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.3.3 Classification of Computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity \u003c\/i\u003e609\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Computer Memory 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.4.1 Primary Memory \u003c\/i\u003e611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Random Access Memory 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.5.1 Static RAM \u003c\/i\u003e612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.5.2 Dynamic RAM \u003c\/i\u003e619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.5.3 RAM Applications \u003c\/i\u003e622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Read Only Memory 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.6.1 ROM Architecture \u003c\/i\u003e623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.6.2 Types of ROM \u003c\/i\u003e624\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.6.3 Applications of ROMs \u003c\/i\u003e629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Expanding Memory Capacity 632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.7.1 Word Size Expansion \u003c\/i\u003e632\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.7.2 Memory Location Expansion \u003c\/i\u003e634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Input and Output Ports 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.8.1 Serial Ports \u003c\/i\u003e638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.8.2 Parallel Ports \u003c\/i\u003e640\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.8.3 Internal Buses \u003c\/i\u003e642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Input\/Output Devices 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.9.1 Input Devices \u003c\/i\u003e643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.9.2 Output Devices \u003c\/i\u003e643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Storage 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.10.1 Magnetic Storage Devices \u003c\/i\u003e645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.10.2 Magneto-Optical Storage Devices \u003c\/i\u003e648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.10.3 Optical Storage Devices \u003c\/i\u003e648\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e15.10.4 USB Flash Drive \u003c\/i\u003e650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 650\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Troubleshooting Digital Circuits and Test Equipment 653\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 General Troubleshooting Guidelines 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.1.1 Faults Internal to Digital Integrated Circuits \u003c\/i\u003e654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.1.2 Faults External to Digital Integrated Circuits \u003c\/i\u003e655\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Troubleshooting Sequential Logic Circuits 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Troubleshooting Arithmetic Circuits 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Troubleshooting Memory Devices 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.4.1 Troubleshooting RAM Devices \u003c\/i\u003e664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.4.2 Troubleshooting ROM Devices \u003c\/i\u003e664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Test and Measuring Equipment 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Digital Multimeter 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.6.1 Advantages of Using a Digital Multimeter \u003c\/i\u003e666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.6.2 Inside the Digital Meter \u003c\/i\u003e666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.6.3 Significance of the Half-Digit \u003c\/i\u003e666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Oscilloscope 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.7.1 Importance of Specifications and Front-Panel Controls \u003c\/i\u003e668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.7.2 Types of Oscilloscope \u003c\/i\u003e669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Analogue Oscilloscopes 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 CRT Storage Type Analogue Oscilloscopes 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Digital Oscilloscopes 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Analogue Versus Digital Oscilloscopes 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Oscilloscope Specifications 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.12.1 Analogue Oscilloscopes \u003c\/i\u003e673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.12.2 Analogue Storage Oscilloscope \u003c\/i\u003e674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.12.3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope \u003c\/i\u003e674\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13 Oscilloscope Probes 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.13.1 Probe Compensation \u003c\/i\u003e677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.14 Frequency Counter 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.14.1 Universal Counters – Functional Modes \u003c\/i\u003e679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.14.2 Basic Counter Architecture \u003c\/i\u003e679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.14.3 Reciprocal Counters \u003c\/i\u003e681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.14.4 Continuous-Count Counters \u003c\/i\u003e682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.14.5 Counter Specifications \u003c\/i\u003e682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.14.6 Microwave Counters \u003c\/i\u003e683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.15 Frequency Synthesizers and Synthesized Function\/Signal Generators 684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.15.1 Direct Frequency Synthesis \u003c\/i\u003e684\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.15.2 Indirect Synthesis \u003c\/i\u003e685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.15.3 Sampled Sine Synthesis (Direct Digital Synthesis) \u003c\/i\u003e687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.15.4 Important Specifications \u003c\/i\u003e689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.15.5 Synthesized Function Generators \u003c\/i\u003e689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.15.6 Arbitrary Waveform Generator \u003c\/i\u003e690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.16 Logic Probe 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.17 Logic Analyser 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.17.1 Operational Modes \u003c\/i\u003e692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.17.2 Logic Analyser Architecture \u003c\/i\u003e692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.17.3 Key Specifications \u003c\/i\u003e695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.18 Computer–Instrument Interface Standards 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.18.1 IEEE-488 Interface \u003c\/i\u003e696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.19 Virtual Instrumentation 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.19.1 Use of Virtual Instruments \u003c\/i\u003e698\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003e16.19.2 Components of a Virtual Instrument \u003c\/i\u003e700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReview Questions 703\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 704\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 705\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 707\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Electronics \u0026amp; communications engineering [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Electronics \u0026amp; communications engineering\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Electronics%20\u0026amp;%20communications%20engineering%20%5BTJ%5D%22\"\u003eTJ\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52165905744152,"sku":"9780470032145","price":96.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9780470032145.jpg?v=1781101803","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/digital-electronics-principles-devices-and-applications-hardback-9780470032145","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}