{"product_id":"diatom-cultivation-for-biofuel-food-and-high-value-products-hardback-9781394174485","title":"Diatom Cultivation for Biofuel, Food and High-Value Products (Hardback) 9781394174485","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eDiatom Cultivation for Biofuel, Food and High-Value Products\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eVandana Vinayak (Edited by), Richard Gordon (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781394174485, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 21 March 2025\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e448 pages\u003cbr\u003e22.9 x 15.2 x 2.4 cm, 0.936 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThis unique book examines the techno-economic prospects of diatom cultivation, the design and implementation of algal reactors, and the potential of diatoms as a source of biofuel and other value-added products.\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDiatom Cultivation for Biofuel, Food and High-Value Products\u003c\/i\u003e covers the scientific, economic, and practical aspects of using diatoms for multiple purposes. It explores an integrated approach to diatom cultivation, including discussions on techniques, harvesting methods, and innovative technologies. The book discusses the potential of these techniques for improving the efficiency and yield of diatom-based biofuels, as well as the challenges and ethical considerations associated with genetic engineering. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReaders of the book will discover a wealth of information including: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe adaptation of chitosan-based harvesting methods for microalgae flocculation; the trends, scope, and techno-economic prospects of diatom cultivation, including the design and implementation of algal reactors and the potential of diatoms as a source of biofuel and other value-added products.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eAdvanced applications and innovative techniques in the field of diatoms and microalgae such as an in-depth analysis of the pigments and proteins found in \u003ci\u003ePhaeodactylum tricornutum\u003c\/i\u003e; the nature and applications of diatom cell walls, including their purification processes and industrial uses; the biochemical engineering of diatoms for health and biorefinery concepts, highlighting the potential of diatoms in producing biofuels and other high-value products; the metabolic and transcriptomic stress and engineering of diatoms to enhance lipid production, exploring the stress conditions that can increase oil yield; explores the genetic engineering techniques, such as CRISPRCas9 and RNA interference.\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe environmental and industrial applications of diatoms for low-value products, such as diatom as a prospective green anode material; diatom cell disruption and milking via a nano biorefinery for biofuel production, utilizing techniques like pulsed electric fields, high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, etc; genetic engineering and metabolic engineering in diatoms for oil production; the use of diatoms for heavy metal bioremediation, exploring the mechanisms of heavy metal uptake by diatoms, including biosorption and bioaccumulation; the transesterification of diatom oil and parameters for optimization; diatom harvesting for lipid production like bubble wrap (Bubble Farming). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAudience\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe book serves as a guide for researchers and scientists in phycology, biology, ecology, environmental science, biofuels, bioengineering as well as nutritionists and dieticians who design functional foods and nutraceutical products.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I: Culture Methods 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Adaptation of Chitosan-Based Harvesting Methods for Flocculation of Microalgae 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMainavi Patel, Hirak Parikh and Gayatri Dave\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Microalgae 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Microalgae Cultivation and Challenges 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Microalgae Harvesting: Technological Limitations and Needs 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Harvesting Methods 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Chitosan as Natural Flocculant 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Chitosan in Conjunction with Other Physicochemical Methods 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Electroflotation and Mechanical Stirring 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Electroflocculation 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Synergistic Effects of Chitosan and Inorganic Flocculants 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.4 Integrated Flocculation 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Comparison of Different Harvesting Methods 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Conclusion 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Diatoms Cultivation: Trends, Scope and Technoeconomic Prospects 21\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAnshuman Rai, Nirmala Sehrawat, Mukesh Yadav, Varruchi Sharma, Vikas Kumar and Anil K. Sharma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Cultivation Strategy and Production 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Design and Implementation of a Prototype Algal Reactor 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Potential of Diatoms as a Source of Biofuel with Value-Added Products 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Diatoms in the Biofuels Industry 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Medical Applications 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Industrial Aspects of Diatoms as a Source of Biofuel 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Biomedical Industrial Aspects 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Economic Feasibility Assessment 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Biochemical Composition 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Feedstock Availability Assessment 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Scope of Diatoms in Biorefinery 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman and Animal Rights and Informed Consent 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Biochemical Compounds in Phaeodactylum tricornutum 51\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVandana Sirotiya and Vandana Vinayak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Biochemical Compounds 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Pigments 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Proteins 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Hydrolysates 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 Chlorophyll Proteins: 10-Hydroxy-Phaeophorbide A and Phaeophorbide A 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Carbohydrates 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Chrysolaminarin 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.3 Sulfated Polysaccharides 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Lipids 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Fatty Acids 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5.1 Omega-3 Fatty Acids 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Demand, Valorization and Biotechnological Applications 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusion 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II: High-Value Products 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Diatoms: A Natural Resource of High-Valued Products and their Future Prospective 81\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKhushboo Kesharwani, Shruti Sharma, Aanand Kautu, Satyendra Kumar Tripathi, Vikas Kumar and Khashti Ballabh Joshi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Diatom Morphology 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 General Features of Oil Bodies in Diatoms 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Biosilicification and Silicification as a Crucial Application in Bone Repair 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Effect of Metals as a Therapeutic Application on Diatom Frustules 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Successful Deposition of Metals on Diatom Frustules 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Germanium 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Titanium 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Calcium 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Strontium 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Biomedical and Environmental Applications 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Biomedical Applications 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Environmental Applications 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Deposition of Different Metal Nanoparticles for Various Applications 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Silver Nanoparticles 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Gold Nanoparticles 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Titanium Nanoparticle 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.5 Magnetite Nanoparticles 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Interaction of Diatoms with Peptides and Their Plausible Applications 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Diafuel: A Diatom Application with the Most Potential 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Conclusion 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Diatom Cell Wall: Nature Engineered Nanostructures 115\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSakshi Phogat, Rashi Tyagi, Abhishek Saxena, Pankaj Kumar Singh and Archana Tiwari\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Nature of Diatom Cell Wall 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Biosilicification 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Applications 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Purification of Diatoms 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Principle 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Process 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Purification of Raw DE Silica 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Nutritive and High-End Product 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Biofuel Industry 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Factors of Diatom for Producing Biofuel 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Biomedical Industry 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 DE Silica for Tissue Engineering 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Nanotechnologically Derived Smart Drug Delivery System 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Future Perspective 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Conclusion 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Biochemical Engineering of Diatoms for Health Benefits 139\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRishabh Rathore, Pragati Verma, Sonali Raghdale, Avishek Kumar, Mohd Jahir Khan and Vandana Vinayak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Diatom Pigments 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Diatoms’ Nutritional Value 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Diatoms as Bio-Indicators 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Metal Toxicity 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Chemical Composition of Diatom Biomass 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Carbohydrate 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Pigments 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Microalgae as Hidden Treasure of Novel Drugs for Good Health 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Drugs from Microalgae 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 As a Feed for Aquaculture 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Diatoms in Drug Delivery 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Microalgal Drugs in Preventing Viral Pandemics 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Conclusions 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Metabolism and Transcriptome Stress in Diatom \u003ci\u003ePhaeodactylum tricornutum \u003c\/i\u003efor Value-Added Products\u003ci\u003e 167\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Urvashi Soni, Sonali Rahangdale, Megha Mourya and Vandana Vinayak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Commercial Market Value 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Industrial Applications 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Types of Foods with Health Benefits from Diatoms 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Metabolic Pathways and Mechanisms for Synthesis of High Value Added Products in Diatoms 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Fixation 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Photorespiration and Glyoxylate Metabolism 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Reductive\/Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Glycolysis 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Storage Products Synthesis and Degradation 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Inositol and Propionate Pathway 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Biosynthesis Production of Carotenoid in P. tricornutum Diatoms 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Light Stress in Diatoms and Fucoxanthin Biosynthesis 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Transcriptomics in Diatoms 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Steps in Transcriptomics Sequencing 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Transcriptomic Studies in Phaeodactylum tricornutum Under Various Influential Factors 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Terraforming Mars with Microalgae, Especially Diatoms 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIra Rai, Jackson Achankunju, Richard Gordon and Vandana Vinayak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Instrumentation to Artificially Simulate Life on Mars 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 SpaceQ 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 GraviSat Platform 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Diatoms for Long-Term Space Missions 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Potential Diatoms for the BLSS: Taxa Tolerant to Extreme Conditions 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Testing Diatom Growth Under Microgravity Conditions 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Microgravity and Living Organisms 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Life Support Systems for Space Missions 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Management of the Culture Vessel and Elements 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Conclusions 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Diatom: Source of Biofuel and Active Green Anode Material for Advanced Energy Storage Application 231\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVivek Dalvi, Sumit Dhali and Anushree Malik\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Diatoms – Microalgae with Unique Structure and Properties 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Biofuel Application 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Diatom Silica: Material for Li-Ion Battery Anode 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Conclusion 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III: Low-Value Products 245\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Milking of Diatoms: A Realistic Approach to Serve the Biorefinery Concept 247\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMrinal Kashyap\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Cell Disruption Methods 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Ultrasonication of Cells to Extract Value-Added Compounds 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Cell Wall Disruption Method 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 High-Pressure Homogenization 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Chemical Methods 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Pulsed Electric Field 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.6 Milking of Diatoms 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Concept of Milking Cells for Value-Added Compounds 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Advancements in the Milking Approach 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Economic Perspectives of Biofuels and Cell Disruption 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Prospects and Challenges of the Milking Process 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Conclusions 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Dissection of Gene Expression Pattern and Metabolic Profile Under Enhanced Oil Production Conditions in Diatoms 267\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeetanjali Kumawat, Pallavi Vyas, Sandhya Deora, Sneha Sabu, Amit Kumar Gupta, Mukesh Meena, Ashwani Kumar, Vandana Vinayak and Harish\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Why Algae Over Other Sources? 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Basic Cell Structure of Diatoms 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Why Diatoms? 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.4 Percentage Lipid Extraction as Per Dry Cell Weight 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.5 Aquatic Species Programme (ASP) 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Generalized Pathway for Lipid Biosynthesis in Diatoms 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Stress Conditions (Metabolites) Helping to Increase Oil Production 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Salt Stress 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Urea as a Nitrogen Source 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Nutrient Stress 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Light Stress 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Nanoparticle Stress 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 Nitrogen Stress 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.7 Phosphorus Stress 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.8 Silicon Stress 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.9 Temperature Stress 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.10 POME-Based Biofuel 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Changes in Gene Expression in Diatoms During Stress Conditions 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Structural and Functional Aspect of Candidate Genes\/ Enzymes of Lipid Biosynthesis Pathway 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Role of rDNA Technology in Improving Diatom Strains for Enhanced Lipid Production 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Implications of Diatoms for Heavy Metal Bioremediation 323\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVarad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Rushikesh Chopade, Pritam P. Pandit, Badal Mavry, Apoorva Singh, Garima Awasthi, Kumud Kant Awasthi and Mahipal Singh Sankhla\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Mechanism for Heavy Metal Removal by Diatoms 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Bioremediation and Biosorption of Heavy Metals 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Challenges 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Advantage of Diatoms Over Other Techniques and Algae 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Production of Diatoms on a Commercial Scale and Its Application 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Future Aspects 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Conclusion 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Optimizing Bioenergy from Diatoms through Biofilms 341\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eG. Saranya and T.V. Ramachandra\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Different Configurations of Biofilm Cultivation Systems 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Surface Materials for Biofilm Cultivation 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Biofilm Bioreactor Design 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Lab-Scale Biofilm Bioreactor 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Operating Conditions for Diatom Cultivation 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Field Biofilm Bioreactor 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5 Evaluation of Algal Growth in Biofilms Grown under Field Conditions 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.6 Growth Dynamics of Lab-Cultivated Diatom and In-Field Bioreactor 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.7 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in Biofilm 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.8 Bacterial Morphology Studies using DAPI 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.9 Species Interaction during Biofilm Cultivation 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.10 Biofilm Bacteria Identification through Molecular Sequencing 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.11 Diatom Sampling and Analysis 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.12 Biomass Yield and Productivity 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.13 Statistical Analysis 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.14 Optimization of Reaction Parameters for Direct Transesterification 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.15 Direct Transesterification of the Field Harvested Biomass 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.16 Biodiesel Extraction and Determination of Its Quality 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Microalgal Biorefinery 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Material Balance 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunding 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch Ethics 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal Ethics 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Diatoms Characteristics and Mass Processing of Lipids for Biofuel Production 377\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTawaf Ali Shah, Zhihe Li, Zhiyu Li and Andong Zhang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Diatoms 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Reproduction 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Ecology and Distribution 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Morphology and Identification 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Diatom Age, Diversity and Ecological Functions 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Biofuel Production and Types of Biofuels 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 First-Generation Biofuels 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.3 Third-Generation Biofuels 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.4 Diatoms Mass and Lipids for Biofuel 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.5 Growth, Biomass and Lipid Extraction 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Different Methods of Lipid Extraction for Biofuel 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.1 Plastic Bubble Wrap for Diatom Cultivation 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.2 Spontaneous Oozing 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.3 Mechanical Pressure 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.4 High-Pressure Homogenization 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.5 Ball Milling 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.6 Microwave Oven 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7.7 Transesterification 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Benefits of Diatoms 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Genetic Engineering and Metabolic Pathway Engineering 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Future Prospects 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Conclusion 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment and Funding 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Availability 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 399\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Science: general issues [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Science: general issues\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Science:%20general%20issues%20%5BPD%5D%22\"\u003ePD\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Scrivener","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52507420393752,"sku":"9781394174485","price":149.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781394174485.jpg?v=1786446303","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/diatom-cultivation-for-biofuel-food-and-high-value-products-hardback-9781394174485","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}