{"product_id":"climate-impacts-on-sustainable-natural-resource-management-hardback-9781119793373","title":"Climate Impacts on Sustainable Natural Resource Management (Hardback) 9781119793373","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eClimate Impacts on Sustainable Natural Resource Management\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003ePavan Kumar (Edited by), P Kumar (Author), Ram Kumar Singh (Edited by), Manoj Kumar (Edited by), Meenu Rani (Edited by), Pardeep Sharma (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781119793373, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 16 December 2021\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e384 pages\u003cbr\u003e24.4 x 17 x 2.4 cm, 0.879 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCLIMATE IMPACTS ON SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate change has emerged as one of the predominant global concerns of the 21st century. Statistics show that the average surface temperature of the Earth has increased by about 1.18°C since the late 19th century and the sea levels are rising due to the melting of glaciers. Further rise in the global temperature will have dire consequences for the survival of humans on the planet Earth. There is a need to monitor climatic data and associated drivers of changes to develop sustainable planning. The anthropogenic activities that are linked to climate change need scientific evaluation and must be curtailed before it is too late.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book contributes significantly in the field of sustainable natural resource management linked to climate change. Up to date research findings from developing and developed countries like India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and the USA have been presented through selected case studies covering different thematic areas. The book has been organised into six major themes of sustainable natural resource management, determinants of forest productivity, agriculture and climate change, water resource management and riverine health, climate change threat on natural resources, and linkages between natural resources and biotic-abiotic stressors to develop the concept and to present the findings in a way that is useful for a wide range of readers. While the range of applications and innovative techniques is constantly increasing, this book provides a summary of findings to provide the updated information.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the field of environmental sciences, remote sensing, geographical information system, meteorology, sociology and policy studies related to natural resource management and climate change.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout the Editors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeword xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I Sustainable Natural Resource Management 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Impact of Local REDD+ Intervention on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKiswanto, Martiwi Diah Setiawati, and Satoshi Tsuyuki\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Tropical Deforestation 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 REDD+ 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 REDD+ in Indonesia 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Materials and Methods 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Spatial Dataset 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Carbon Stock in Each Land Cover Class 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Change in Carbon Stock and CO2 Emission 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Results 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Annual GHG Emissions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Discussion 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Conclusions 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgement 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Contribution 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Appendix 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Role of Geospatial Technologies in Natural Resource Management 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Abhishek K. Kala and Manoj Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Applications of Geospatial Technology in Natural Resource Management 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Forest Management 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Water Resource Management 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Agriculture 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Combating Desertification 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Biodiversity Management 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 LiDAR Technology 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Machine Learning Tools for Natural Resource Management 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Natural Resource Management 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Google Earth Engine as a Platform for Environmental Monitoring and NRM 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Conclusion 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Estimation of Snow Cover Area Using Microwave SAR Dataset 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Shafiyoddin B. Sayyad and Mudassar A. Shaikh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Classification Technique 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Unsupervised Classification 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.1 H A Alpha Unsupervised Classification 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1.2 Wishart H A Alpha Unsupervised Classification 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Supervised Classification 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Wishart Supervised Classification 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.2 Support Vector Machine (SVM) Supervised Classification 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Statistical Parameters 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Mean 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Standard Deviation 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Coefficient Variance 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Equivalence Number of Looks (ENL) 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Error and Accuracy Assessment 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Confusion Matrix 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Commission Error 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Omission Error 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Study Area 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Methodology 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Result and Discussion 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II Determinants of Forest Productivity 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Forest Cover Change Detection Across Recent Three Decades in Persian Oak\u003cbr\u003e Forests Using Convolutional Neural Network 59\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlireza Sharifi, Shilan Felegari, Aqil Tariq, and Saima Siddiqui\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Materials and Methods 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Study Area 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Dataset 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Image Pre-processing 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Image Classification 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Results and Discussion 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Interlinked Mechanisms of Productivity for Developing Process-Based\u003cbr\u003e Forest Growth Models 74\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKeshav Tyagi, Manoj Kumar, Sweta Nisha Phukon, Abhishek Ranjan, Pavan Kumar,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eand Ram Kumar Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Productivity: Definition and Associated Components 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Various Processes and Components Driving Forest Productivity 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Photosynthesis 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Light Interception 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Stomatal Conductance 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Leaf Area Index 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Gas-Exchange 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Plant Respiration 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.7 Hydrology 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.8 Nitrogen Cycle 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.9 Litterfall 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Different Approaches to Productivity Assessment 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Evolution of Process-Based Models 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Allometric Equations for the Estimation of Biomass and Carbon in the Sub- tropical Pine Forests of India 89\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHarshi Jain, Keshav Tyagi, Akshay Paygude, Pavan Kumar, Ram Kumar Singh, and\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eManoj Kumar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Species of Pine in India and its Associates 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Uses of Chirpine 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Chir Pine – a Boon or Bane? 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Forest Carbon and Forest Biomass 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Composition of Forest Biomass 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Indian Forest Biomass and Carbon Estimates 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Importance of Forest Biomass Estimation 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Allometric Equations for Biomass Estimation 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 How Are Allometric Equations Developed? 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Chir Pine Forests of India Using Allometric Equations 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Conclusion 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III Agriculture and Climate Change 109\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Characterization of Stress-Prone Areas for Dissemination of Suitable Rice Varieties and their Adoption in Eastern India: An Integrated Approach toward Food Security 111\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSk Mosharaf Hossain, Devi Dayal Sinha, and Swati Nayak\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Characterization of Stress-Prone (Flood and Drought) Areas in Eastern India: Geo-Spatial Based Studies (Submergence and Drought) 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Eastern India (Submergence Study – Assam) 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Eastern India (Drought Study – Uttar Pradesh) 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Rice-Growing Environments in India and Constraints 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Abiotic Stress in the Context of Rice Production 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Materials and Method (for Submergence-prone: Assam) 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Results and Discussion 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Conclusions 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Farmers’ Perspective and Adaptation Efforts to Tackle the Impacts of Climate Change 132\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShivani Mehta and Shridhar Samant\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Methodology 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Results and Analysis 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Trends in Rainfall Patterns 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.1 Trends in Annual Rainfall 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.2 Trends in Rainy Days 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1.3 Trends in Actual and Normal (Expected) Rainfall for Every Month 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Farmers 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.2 Livelihood 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2.3 Pests and Diseases 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Understanding the Farmer’s Perception of Climate Change 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Adaptation Efforts 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Conclusion 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection IV Water Resource Management and Riverine Health 157\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Multicriteria Drought Severity Analysis in Monaragala District Sri Lanka by Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS 159\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eK.U.J. Sandamali, K.A.M. Chathuranga, B.A.S.C. Kumara, and D.K.D.A. Ranaweera\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Methodology 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Study Area 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Meteorological Drought of Monaragala District 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Agricultural Drought of Monaragala District 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Hydrological Drought of Monaragala District 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Drought Risk Area Map of Monaragala District 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Conclusion 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Recommendation 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Comparative Evaluation of Predicted Hydrologic Response Under Two Extremities of Sustainability Using Transformed Landuse-Landcover and CORDEX-Based Climatic Scenarios: A Case Study of Kangshabati River Basin, West Bengal 183\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShreyashi Santra Mitra, Akhilesh Kumar, Abhisek Santra, and Shidharth Routh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 A Brief Account of the Kangshabati River Basin, the Study Area 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Data and Methodological Description 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Model Data Input 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Land Change Scenarios Using Idrisi Land Change Modeler (LCM) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 SWAT Model Setup for Simulating Hydrologic Responses 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Results and Observations 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Trends in Climatic Indicators 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Trends in Land Use and Land Cover Change Scenarios 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Trends in Volumetric Runoff 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Trends in Surface Runoff 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Conclusion 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Riverine Health a Function of Riverscape Variable: A Case Study of the River Ganga in Varanasi 219\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShikha Sharma, Harshith Clifford Prince, Arijit Roy, and Madhoolika Agarwal\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Material and Methods 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Study Area 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.1 Sampling Zones 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.2 Survey Sites 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Data Collection 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 Water Sample Collection and Analysis 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 Survey Method 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Statistical Analysis 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.1 Cluster Analysis 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3.2 Correlations Between Land Use Classes and Water Quality Parameters 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Result and Discussion 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Land Use and Water Quality 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Land Use and Biodiversity 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Land Use and Societal Perceptions 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3.1 Livelihood Earners Perceptions 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3.2 Tourists’ Perception 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Conclusions 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection V Climate Change Threat on Natural Resources 237\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change 239\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShubhi Patel, Anwesha Dey, Shani Kumar Singh, Rakesh Singh, and H.P. Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Trends in Climate Variables 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Welfare Impact of Climate Change 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Impact on Agriculture 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Impact of Climate Change on Society 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Food Security 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Labor Productivity 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Health and Nutrition 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Adaptation Risk and Potential 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Conclusion 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The Political Economy of Vulnerable Environment in the Age of Climate Change: A Kerala Experience 268\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eP. RatheeshMon\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Climate Change in Kerala 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Climate and Sea Level Change Projections 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Natural Disasters Associated with Climate Change 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Political Economy of Climate Change and Associated Disasters 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Who Are the Affected? 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Conclusion and Suggestions 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Land Use\/Land Cover (LULC) Changes in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia: Explore the Impact of the LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) Using Remote Sensing 279\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMohd Hasmadi Ismail, Darren How Jin Aik, Mohamad Azani Alias, Farrah Melissa\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eMuharam, and Pakhriazad Hassan Zaki\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Effectiveness of Usage of Satellite Imagery in Land Use\/Land Cover (LULC) Change 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 The Impact of LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Methodology 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Cameron Highlands 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Data Collection 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Field Verification 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Image Processing 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Land Use\/Cover Changes in Cameron Highland from 2009 to 2019 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Accuracy Assessment 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Land Surface Temperature Analysis of Comparative Sensors between Landsat Satellite Data and MODIS 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 The LULC Effect on LST in Cameron Highlands 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Conclusions 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VI Linkages between Natural Resources and Biotic-Abiotic Stressors 303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Emerging Roles of Osmoprotectants in Alleviating Abiotic Stress Response Under Changing Climatic Conditions 305\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDebasish Pattnaik, Deepali Dash, Ankita Mishra, Aditya Kiran Padhiary, Prajjal Dey,\u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eand Goutam Kumar Dash\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Role of Osmoprotectant Under Abiotic Stress 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Drought Stress 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Salinity Stress 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Cold Stress 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Submergence Stress 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Low Light Stress 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectants Under Multiple Abiotic Stress 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Approaches to Improve Osmoprotectants to Confer Abiotic Stress Tolerance 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Metabolic Engineering Approach 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Future Prospect for Osmoprotectants Under Changing Climatic Conditions 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Growth Variability of Conifers in Temperate Region of Western Himalayas 325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Ufaid Mehraj, Akhlaq Amin Wani, Aasif Ali Gatoo, Mohammd Ajaz-ul-Islam, Shah Murtaza Mushtaq, Amir Farooq, Immad Ahmad Shah, and Tariq Hussain Masoodi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Material and Methods 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Study Area 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Collection of Core Samples 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Results 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Discussion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Species-Wise 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Site-Wise 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Diameter Class-Wise 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Conclusion 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Process-Based Carbon Sequestration Study with Reference to the Energy-Water-Carbon Flux in a Forest Ecosystem 336\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHukum Singh\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Concept of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere- Transfer (SVAT) 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 History of Flux Measurements and Recent Advances-Different Methods 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Exchange Flux Measurements over Forest Ecosystems 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Fast Response System: Eddy Covariance or Eddy Correlation Measurements 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Slow-Response System 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.1 Bowen Ratio Measurements 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2.2 Aerodynamic Flux Profile Method 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Ecosystem Flux Measurements Network Worldwide and Indian Scenario 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 The Worldwide Network: The FLUXNET 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Scenario in India and Prospects 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 The Proposed Concept of IndoFlux 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 State of the Current Knowledge at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Research Gaps and Future Needs 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Conclusion 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 352\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: The environment 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