{"product_id":"chromogenics-smart-switchable-optical-materials-and-their-applications-hardback-9781394159079","title":"Chromogenics; Smart Switchable Optical Materials and Their Applications (Hardback) 9781394159079","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eChromogenics\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eSmart Switchable Optical Materials and Their Applications\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eCarl M. Lampert (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781394159079, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 19 December 2025\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e544 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.4 x 17.8 x 2.9 cm, 1.402 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFirsthand insights into the current and future technology and large-scale applications of color- and opacity-changing optical materials\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eChromogenics\u003c\/i\u003e delivers a comprehensive overview of the industry-relevant scientific background of chromogenics and provides details on successful manufacturing techniques for the scalable fabrication of products, enabling readers to apply chromogenic materials in billion-dollar market segments such as the car industry (rear-view mirrors) and building and construction industries (self-tinting windows), as well as for individual end-user products such as sunglasses. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work includes contributions from developers of chromogenic products from leading companies and industry-near research institutions such as Fraunhofer, Merck, Pleotint, and Gentex,\u003ci\u003e Chromogenics\u003c\/i\u003e explores topics including: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Electrochromics (both inorganic and polymeric), thermochromics, and suspended particle devices (SPD)\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003eEncapsulated pigment devices, specific liquid crystals, and polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC)\u003c\/li\u003e  \u003cli\u003eVacuum web coaters and their large-area coatings, transparent electronic conductors, sputter coating processes, and pyrolytic doped tin oxide\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Commercial technologies including pyrolytic deposition, magnetron sputtering, slot die coating, and doctor blade coating\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Products such as switchable self-dimming mirrors and switchable glazing  for glare reduction, solar energy control, and privacy glazing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresenting state-of-the-art research in the field along with future outlooks, \u003ci\u003eChromogenics \u003c\/i\u003eis an essential reference on the subject for materials scientists, physical chemists, applied physicists, and engineering scientists in industry.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Technologies 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a Overview of Chromogenics 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eCarl M. Lampert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.1 Introduction 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.2 The Dynamic Glass Market 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.2.1 Automotive 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.2.2 Eyewear 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.2.3 Architectural 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.2.4 Aerospace 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.2.5 Information Display 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3 Families of Chromogenic Materials 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.1 Chromogenics Switching by Collective Physical Movement 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.1.1 Electromechanical 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.1.2 Mechanochromism 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.1.3 Magnetochromics and Magnetoionics 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.1.4 Electrokinetics 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.1.5 Dispersed Liquid Crystals (PDLC and NCAP) 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.1.6 Suspended Particles 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.2 The Chemichromic and Electrochemichromic Families 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.2.1 Gasochromic 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.2.2 Halochromism 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.2.3 Solvatochromism 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.2.4 Hydrochromism 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.3.2.5 Electrochemichromic 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4 Chromogenic Switching by Discrete Movement of Ions, Atoms, and Molecules 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4.1 Electrochromics 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4.1.1 Inorganic Electrochromics 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4.1.2 Organic and Polymer Electrochromics 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4.2 Light-Induced Switching – Photochromics 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4.3 Thermal-Induced Switching – Thermochromic and Thermotropics 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4.3.1 Thermal-Induced Switching – Ligand Exchange Thermochromic (LETC) 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.4.3.2 Thermal-Induced Switching – Thermotropics 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.5 Multiband Switching Windows and Surfaces 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.6 Running a Chromogenics Business 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.6.1 Organizational Viewpoint 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.6.2 Materials Viewpoint – Chromogenics 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.6.3 Materials Viewpoint – Electrochromics 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.6.4 Manufacturing Viewpoint 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.6.5 Marketing Perspective 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1a.7 Additional Information about Chromogenics 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b Introduction to Glazing Design and Measurements 69\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eCarl M. Lampert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.1 Common Metrics for Glazing 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.2 Solar Radiation and the Earth’s Atmosphere 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.2.1 Clearness Index 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.2.2 Daylighting 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.3 Transmittance, Reflectance, and Absorptance Measurements 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.3.1 Solar Transmittance 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.3.2 Luminous, Visible Transmittance, and Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.3.3 Absorbance or Optical Density Measurement 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.3.4 Haze and Scattering Measurements 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.4 Color Measurements 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.5 Thermal Emissivity and Emittance 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.5.1 Low-e Coatings and Transparent Conductors used in Insulated Glass Units (IGUs) 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.6 Design of an IGU Window System 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.7 Energy Flow Mechanisms in Glazing Fenestration 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.7.1 Conductive Heat Transport 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.7.2 Convective Heat Transport 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.7.3 Radiative Heat Transport 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.8 Parameters Commonly Used to Characterize Window Glazing 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.8.1 U-Factor 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.8.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.8.3 Solar Factor (g-Value) or Total Solar Energy Transmittance (TSET) 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.8.4 Total Solar Transmittance 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1b.8.5 Instantaneous Heat Flow in a Whole Glazing 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Electrochromics 97\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarl M. Lampert, Anoop Agrawal, and Junichi Nagai\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction to the Field of Electrochromics 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Electrochromic Materials 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Coloration Efficiency 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Electrochromic Device Design 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Transparent Conductors 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Electrochromic Device Switching Time 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Self-Dimming Automotive Rearview Mirrors 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Early Development of Electrochromic Automotive Sunroofs 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Early Electrochromic Windows Developed at Asahi Glass Company 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Designing Materials Systems for Electrochromic Glazing 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Dynamic Building Windows 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Commercial Electrochromic Windows 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.1 Window Performance Parameters 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9.2 Electrochromic Glazing Examples 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Multiband Switching for Glazing 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.1 Localized Surface Plasma Resonance (LSPR) 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.2 Early Commercial Development of LSPR Nanocrystals for Dual-Band Switchable Glazing 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10.3 Research in Dual-Band Electrochromics 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Electrochromic Windows for Aircraft 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Electrochromic Eyewear 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Electrochromic Information Displays 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 Electrochromic Gradient Filter 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15 Dynamic Thermal Emittance Electrochromics for Spacecraft and Spacesuits 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16 Other Electrochromic Devices: Photoelectrochromic and Photovoltaic-Electrochromic 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Trends in Organic Electrochromic Materials and Their Applications 173\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMelepurath Deepa and Anoop Agrawal\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction to Organic Electrochromics 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Organic EC Materials and Device Architectures 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Electrochromic Supercapacitors (ESCs) with at Least One Transparent State 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Integration of PV and ECD−Photoelectrochromic Device 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Polymeric Electrochromics 195\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarco Schott and Uwe Posset\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Electrochromic Polymers 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Conjugated Polymers 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Metal Coordination Polymers 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Device Manufacturing 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Industrial Applications of Polymeric Electrochromic Devices 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Evolution of Industrial Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) Technology in Europe: A Review of Research, Development, Manufacturing, and Potential Emerging Technologies 229\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eH. Hakemi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction to PDLC Technology 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 The Original PDLC Inventions 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Micro-Emulsion (ME) Invention 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Phase Separation (PS) Invention 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.1 Polymer Induced Phase Separation (PIPS) 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.2 Solvent Induced Phase Separation (SIPS) 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2.3 Thermal Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Manufacturing Methods of PDLC Film 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Historical Evolution of Industrial PDLC Technology 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 The Early Period (\u0026lt;1995) 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 The Setback Period (1995–2005) 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 The Revival Period (\u0026gt;2005) 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 PDLC Industrial Development in Italy 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 SNR (Italy) PDLC License 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 SNR Industrial R\u0026amp;D Program 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 SNR Production Program 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.1 Dry\/Coating \u0026amp; Lamination Technique 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.2 Wet\/Coating \u0026amp; Lamination Technique 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 SNR Intellectual Property 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Important Industrial Development Issues 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 The Significance of Scale 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 The Significance of Time 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Industrial Development of PDLC in Europe 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Innoptec S.p.A. (Italy) 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Dream Glass S.L. (Spain) 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Gauzy Ltd. (Israel) 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Potential Emerging Industrial PDLC Technologies 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Direct PDLC Glazing 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Bistable PDLC 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Solar-Control PDLC 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.4 Dynamic PDLC Signage 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 The PDLC Market Situation 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Suspended Particle Devices 261\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhilippe Lemarchand and Brian Norton\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Materials 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Manufacture and Commercial Specifications 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Switching Duration 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Spectral Transmittance 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Applications in the Built Environment 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Accelerated Testing 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusion 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Inorganic Thermochromics and Photochromics 293\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLars Österlund, José Montero, and Gunnar A. Niklasson\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Optical Properties 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Thermochromic Coatings 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Challenges for VO 2 -Based Films 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Synthesis of VO 2 -Based Thermochromic Films 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Synthesis of VO 2 -Based Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Photochromic Coatings 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Silver Halides 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Transition Metal Oxides 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Rare-Earth Oxyhydrides 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Thermochromic and Photochromic Smart Windows 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Applications of Thermochromic and Photochromic Glazing 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Performance Limits 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Conclusions 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Overview of Organic Thermochromic Materials 341\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGunnar A. Niklasson, José Montero, and Carl M. Lampert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Clear Organic Thermochromics 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Ligand-Exchange, Metal–Organic Materials 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Leuco Dyes in a Matrix 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Thermotropic Materials 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Hydrogels 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Polymer Blends 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Ionogels 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Casting Resins 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.5 Additional Materials 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Discussion and Comparison 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Other Chromogenic Technologies 371\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarl M. Lampert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 E Ink – Encapsulated Electrophoretic Ink 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 eyrise® Liquid Crystal Glazing 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 ELSTAR Dynamics Electrophoretic Glazing 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 MEMS and Microshutter Materials 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Optofluidics 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Thermochromic Perovskites 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Manufacturing 395\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Introduction to Manufacturing 397\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarl M. Lampert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Manufacturing Introduction 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 The Glass Industry 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Surface Cleaning 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Flat Glass Sputter Coating 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Vacuum Web Coating 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Flexible Electrochromic Coating 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Flexible Glass 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Other Flat Glass Coating Processes 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Slot-Die Coating 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Wet-Chemical Sol–Gel Deposition 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9.1 Spatial ALD 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Inkjet Deposition 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Photonic Processing 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Busbars and Electrical Connections 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Sputter Coating Processes and Industrial Approaches 427\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWilmert C.S. De Bosscher\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Large-Area Magnetron Sputtering Basics 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Magnetron and Process Concepts for Sputter Deposition of Metals 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Tweaking Deposition Rate for Reactive Sputtering of SiO 2 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Uniform Deposition of a Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Improved Process Stability and Performance for Metal Oxide Layers 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Controlling Stoichiometry of Electrochromic Wo X Layers 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 High-Pressure Sputtering Increasing Mechanical Stability of NiO Layer 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Conclusions 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Vacuum Web Coaters and Their Large-Area Coatings Used in Chromogenic Products: Technology and Applications of Transparent Electronic Conductors 453\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Lippens\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Vacuum Web or Roll Coaters 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Definition, Basic Configuration 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Industrial Systems Available on the Market 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Coating Systems Produced on Web Coaters 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Overview of a Few Important Coating Systems 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 An Important Building Module: Transparent Conducting Electrodes 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Semiconducting ITO 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.2 Nodule Formation 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.3 Typical ITO Compositions for Web Coating 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.4 Other Transparent Electronic Conductors 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Outlook 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Web Coating on Thin Rollable Glass 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Machine-Related Developments 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.1 Combination of Several Deposition Technologies on the Same Web Coater 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2.2 Air-to-Air Coaters 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Pyrolytic Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide on Glass for Chromogenic Products 469\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeorge Neuman\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 The Development of Online Pyrolytic Deposition of Conductive Tin Oxide 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Manufacturers 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Properties 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Color Suppression Technology (CSI) 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Physical and Chemical Properties 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Commercial Products 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Conclusion 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 503\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Mechanical engineering \u0026amp; materials\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Mechanical%20engineering%20\u0026amp;%20materials%20%5BTG%5D%22\"\u003eTG\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52431045230872,"sku":"9781394159079","price":150.38,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781394159079.jpg?v=1784769737","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/chromogenics-smart-switchable-optical-materials-and-their-applications-hardback-9781394159079","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}