{"product_id":"chemical-reactions-and-chemical-reactors-hardback-9780471742203","title":"Chemical Reactions and Chemical Reactors (Hardback) 9780471742203","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eChemical Reactions and Chemical Reactors\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eGeorge W. Roberts (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780471742203, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 29 April 2008\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e480 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.2 x 20.3 x 3.3 cm, 1.089 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eDieser Band behandelt die Grundlagen der chemischen Reaktionstechnik ausfuhrlicher, als man es von anderen Buchern auf diesem Gebiet gewohnt ist. Heterogene Reaktionen werden fruh eingefuhrt und die chemische Kinetik wird tiefgrundig, mit besonderem Blick auf die Analysenverfahren, besprochen. Ein Gro?teil der Beispiele und Ubungsaufgaben beruht auf realen Situationen in der Industrie - so wird der Text fur den Leser interessanter, und der gelernte Stoff kann leichter in die Praxis ubertragen werden.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Reactions and Reaction Rates 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 The Role of Chemical Reactions 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Chemical Kinetics 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Chemical Reactors 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Stoichiometric Notation 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Extent of Reaction and the Law of Definite Proportions 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Stoichiometric Notation—Multiple Reactions 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Definitions of Reaction Rate 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Species-Dependent Definition 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.1 Single Fluid Phase 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.2 Multiple Phases 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterogeneous Catalysis 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Cases 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.3 Relationship between Reaction Rates of Various Species (Single Reaction) 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1.4 Multiple Reactions 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Species-Independent Definition 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Reaction Rates—Some Generalizations 16\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Rate Equations 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Five Generalizations 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 An Important Exception 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Ideal Reactors 36\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Generalized Material Balance 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Ideal Batch Reactor 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Continuous Reactors 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Ideal Continuous Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 The Easy Way—Choose a Different Control Volume 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.2 The Hard Way—Do the Triple Integration 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Graphical Interpretation of the Design Equations 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 3 Summary of Design Equations 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Sizing and Analysis of Ideal Reactors 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Homogeneous Reactions 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Batch Reactors 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.1 Jumping Right In 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.2 General Discussion: Constant-Volume Systems 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescribing the Progress of a Reaction 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolving the Design Equation 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1.3 General Discussion: Variable-Volume Systems 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Continuous Reactors 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.1 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant-Density Systems 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable-Density (Variable-Volume) Systems 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.2 Plug-Flow Reactors 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant-Density (Constant-Volume) Systems 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable-Density (Variable-Volume) Systems 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.3 Graphical Solution of the CSTR Design Equation 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2.4 Biochemical Engineering Nomenclature 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions (Introduction to Transport Effects) 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Systems of Continuous Reactors 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Reactors in Series 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.1 CSTRs in Series 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.2 PFRs in Series 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.3 PFRs and CSTRs in Series 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Reactors in Parallel 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 CSTRs in Parallel 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.2 PFRs in Parallel 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Generalizations 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Recycle 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4 Solution to Example 4-10: Three Equal-Volume CSTRs in Series 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Reaction Rate Fundamentals (Chemical Kinetics) 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Elementary Reactions 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Significance 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Definition 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Screening Criteria 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Sequences of Elementary Reactions 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Open Sequences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Closed Sequences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 The Steady-State Approximation (SSA) 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Use of the Steady-State Approximation 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Kinetics and Mechanism 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 The Long-Chain Approximation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Closed Sequences with a Catalyst 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 The Rate-Limiting Step (RLS) Approximation 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Vector Representation 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Use of the RLS Approximation 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Physical Interpretation of the Rate Equation 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Irreversibility 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Closing Comments 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Analysis and Correlation of Kinetic Data 154\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Experimental Data from Ideal Reactors 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Plug-Flow Reactors 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.1 Differential Plug-Flow Reactors 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.2 Integral Plug-Flow Reactors 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Batch Reactors 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Differentiation of Data: An Illustration 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 The Differential Method of Data Analysis 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Rate Equations Containing Only One Concentration 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.1 Testing a Rate Equation 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.2 Linearization of Langmuir–Hinshelwood\/Michaelis–Menten Rate Equations 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Rate Equations Containing More Than One Concentration 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Testing the Arrhenius Relationship 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Nonlinear Regression 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 The Integral Method of Data Analysis 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Using the Integral Method 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Linearization 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Comparison of Methods for Data Analysis 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Elementary Statistical Methods 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Fructose Isomerization 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.1 First Hypothesis: First-Order Rate Equation 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual Plots 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity Plots 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1.2 Second Hypothesis: Michaelis–Menten Rate Equation 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstants in the Rate Equation: Error Analysis 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Linear Least Squares 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Rate Equations Containing More Than One Concentration (Reprise) 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-A Nonlinear Regression for AIBN Decomposition 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-B Nonlinear Regression for AIBN Decomposition 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-C Analysis of Michaelis–Menten Rate Equation via\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineweaver–Burke Plot Basic Calculations 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Multiple Reactions 201\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yield 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Classification of Reactions 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Parallel Reactions 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Independent Reactions 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Series (Consecutive) Reactions 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Mixed Series and Parallel Reactions 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Reactor Design and Analysis 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Overview 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Series (Consecutive) Reactions 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.2 Time-Independent Analysis 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.3 Quantitative Analysis 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2.4 Series Reactions in a CSTR 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial Balance on A 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial Balance on R 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Parallel and Independent Reactions 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Temperature 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Reactant Concentrations 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3.2 Quantitative Analysis 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Mixed Series\/Parallel Reactions 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.1 Qualitative Analysis 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4.2 Quantitative Analysis 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 7-A Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7-A.1 Single, First-Order Ordinary Differential Equation 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7-A.2 Simultaneous, First-Order, Ordinary Differential Equations 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Use of the Energy Balance in Reactor Sizing and Analysis 251\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Macroscopic Energy Balances 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Generalized Macroscopic Energy Balance 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.1 Single Reactors 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1.2 Reactors in Series 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Macroscopic Energy Balance for Flow Reactors (PFRs and CSTRs) 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Macroscopic Energy Balance for Batch Reactors 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Isothermal Reactors 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Adiabatic Reactors 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Exothermic Reactions 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Endothermic Reactions 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Adiabatic Temperature Change 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Graphical Analysis of Equilibrium-Limited Adiabatic Reactors 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Kinetically Limited Adiabatic Reactors (Batch and Plug Flow) 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (General Treatment) 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Simultaneous Solution of the Design Equation and the Energy Balance 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Multiple Steady States 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Reactor Stability 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4 Blowout and Hysteresis 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4.1 Blowout 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtension 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscussion 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.4.2 Feed-Temperature Hysteresis 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Nonisothermal, Nonadiabatic Batch, and Plug-Flow Reactors 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 General Remarks 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.2 Nonadiabatic Batch Reactors 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Feed\/Product (F\/P) Heat Exchangers 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.1 Qualitative Considerations 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2 Quantitative Analysis 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.1 Energy Balance—Reactor 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.2 Design Equation 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.3 Energy Balance—F\/P Heat Exchanger 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.4 Overall Solution 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.5 Adjusting the Outlet Conversion 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7.2.6 Multiple Steady States 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Concluding Remarks 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-A Numerical Solution to Equation (8-26) 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-B Calculation of G(T) and R(T) for ‘‘Blowout’’ Example 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Heterogeneous Catalysis Revisited 305\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Structure of Heterogeneous Catalysts 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Overview 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Characterization of Catalyst Structure 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.1 Basic Definitions 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2.2 Model of Catalyst Structure 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Internal Transport 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 General Approach—Single Reaction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 An Illustration: First-Order, Irreversible Reaction in an Isothermal,Spherical Catalyst Particle 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Extension to Other Reaction Orders and Particle Geometries 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 The Effective Diffusion Coefficient 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4.1 Overview 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4.2 Mechanisms of Diffusion 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfigurational (Restricted) Diffusion 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnudsen Diffusion (Gases) 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulk (Molecular) Diffusion 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Transition Region 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcentration Dependence 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4.3 The Effect of Pore Size 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNarrow Pore-Size Distribution 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroad Pore-Size Distribution 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Use of the Effectiveness Factor in Reactor Design and Analysis 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Diagnosing Internal Transport Limitations in Experimental Studies 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6.1 Disguised Kinetics 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Concentration 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Temperature 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Particle Size 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6.2 The Weisz Modulus 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6.3 Diagnostic Experiments 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 Internal Temperature Gradients 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8 Reaction Selectivity 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8.1 Parallel Reactions 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8.2 Independent Reactions 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.8.3 Series Reactions 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 External Transport 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 General Analysis—Single Reaction 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.1 Quantitative Descriptions of Mass and Heat Transport 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass Transfer 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat Transfer 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.2 First-Order, Reaction in an Isothermal Catalyst Particle—The\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcept of a Controlling Step 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehkvlc=kc _ 1 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ehkvlc=kc _ 1 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.3 Effect of Temperature 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1.4 Temperature Difference Between Bulk Fluid and Catalyst Surface 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Diagnostic Experiments 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.1 Fixed-Bed Reactor 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2.2 Other Reactors 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Calculations of External Transport 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.1 Mass-Transfer Coefficients 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.2 Different Definitions of the Mass-Transfer Coefficient 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3.3 Use of Correlations 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Reaction Selectivity 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Catalyst Design—Some Final Thoughts 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 9-A Solution to Equation (9-4c) 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. ‘Nonideal’ Reactors 378\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 What Can Make a Reactor ‘‘Nonideal’’? 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 What Makes PFRs and CSTRs ‘‘Ideal’’? 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Nonideal Reactors: Some Examples 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2.1 Tubular Reactor with Bypassing 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2.2 Stirred Reactor with Incomplete Mixing 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2.3 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactor (LFTR) 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Diagnosing and Characterizing Nonideal Flow 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Tracer Response Techniques 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Tracer Response Curves for Ideal Reactors\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Qualitative Discussion) 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.1 Ideal Plug-How Reactor 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2.2 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Tracer Response Curves for Nonideal Reactors 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.1 Laminar Flow Tubular Reactor 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.2 Tubular Reactor with Bypassing 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3.3 Stirred Reactor with Incomplete Mixing 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Residence Time Distributions 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 The Exit-Age Distribution Function, \u003ci\u003eE(t)\u003c\/i\u003e 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Obtaining the Exit-Age Distribution from Tracer Response Curves 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Other Residence Time Distribution Functions 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3.1 Cumulative Exit-Age Distribution Function, \u003ci\u003eF(t)\u003c\/i\u003e 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3.2 Relationship between \u003ci\u003eF(t)\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eE(t)\u003c\/i\u003e 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3.3 Internal-Age Distribution Function, \u003ci\u003eI(t)\u003c\/i\u003e 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Residence Time Distributions for Ideal Reactors 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4.1 Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4.2 Ideal Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Estimating Reactor Performance from the Exit-Age Distribution—The Macrofluid Model 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 The Macrofluid Model 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Predicting Reactor Behavior with the Macrofluid Model 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Using the Macrofluid Model to Calculate Limits of Performance 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Other Models for Nonideal Reactors 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Moments of Residence Time Distributions 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.1 Definitions 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.2 The First Moment of \u003ci\u003eE(t)\u003c\/i\u003e 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage Residence Time 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactor Diagnosis 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.3 The Second Moment of \u003ci\u003eE(t)\u003c\/i\u003e—Mixing 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1.4 Moments for Vessels in Series 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 The Dispersion Model 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.1 Overview 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.2 The Reaction Rate Term 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomogeneous Reaction 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterogeneous Catalytic Reaction 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.3 Solutions to the Dispersion Model 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRigorous 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximate (Small Values of D\/uL) 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.4 The Dispersion Number 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimating D\/uL from Correlations 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion for Negligible Dispersion 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of D\/uL 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2.5 The Dispersion Model—Some Final Comments 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 CSTRs-In-Series (CIS) Model 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3.1 Overview 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3.2 Determining the Value of ‘‘N’’ 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3.3 Calculating Reactor Performance 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Compartment Models 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4.1 Overview 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4.2 Compartment Models Based on CSTRs and PFRs 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactors in Parallel 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactors in Series 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4.3 Well-Mixed Stagnant Zones 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Concluding Remarks 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Important Concepts 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 446\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52298049224984,"sku":"9780471742203","price":133.67,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9780471742203.jpg?v=1781732817","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/chemical-reactions-and-chemical-reactors-hardback-9780471742203","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}