{"product_id":"carbon-materials-for-catalysis-hardback-9780470178850","title":"Carbon Materials for Catalysis (Hardback) 9780470178850","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eCarbon Materials for Catalysis\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003ePhilippe Serp (Edited by), P Serp (Author), José Luis Figueiredo (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780470178850, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 16 January 2009\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e608 pages\u003cbr\u003e24.3 x 16.4 x 3.4 cm, 0.953 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is the first comprehensive book covering all aspects of the use of carbonaceous materials in heterogeneous catalysis. It covers the preparation and characterization of carbon supports and carbon-supported catalysts; carbon surface chemistry in catalysis; the description of catalytic, photo-catalytic, or electro-catalytic reactions, including the development of new carbon materials such as carbon xerogels, aerogels, or carbon nanotubes; and new carbon-based materials in catalytic or adsorption processes. This is a premier reference for carbon, inorganic, and physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, chemical engineers, and others.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContributors xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials: A Brief Overview 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLjubisa R. Radovic\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1. Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2. Formation of Carbons 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1. Gas Phase 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2. Liquid Phase 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3. Solid Phase 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3. Structure and Properties of Carbons 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1. Macrostructure 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2. Microstructure 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3. Nanostructure 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4. Bulk Properties 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5. Surface Properties 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4. Reactions of Carbons 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1. Gas Phase 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2. Liquid Phase 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3. Solid Phase 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5. Conclusions 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Surface Chemistry of Carbon Materials 45\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTeresa J. Bandosz\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1. Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2. Surface Functionalities 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1. Oxygen-Containing Functionalities 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2. Nitrogen-Containing Functionalities 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3. Hydrogen–Carbon Species 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4. Sulfur Phosphorus and Halogen Functionalities 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3. Surface Modifications 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1. Oxidation 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2. Introduction of Nitrogen-Containing Species 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3. Introduction of Sulfur Functionality 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4. Halogenization 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5. Impregnation and Dry Mixing 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.6. Heat Treatment 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4. Characterization of Surface Chemistry 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1. Elemental Analysis 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2. Titration 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3. pH of Carbons Point of Zero Charge and Isoelectric Point 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4. Spectroscopic Methods 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5. Calorimetric Techniques 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6. Inverse Gas Chromatography 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.7. Temperature-Programmed Desorption 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.8. Characterization of Surface Functionalities by Electrochemical Techniques 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5. Role of Surface Chemistry in the Reactive Adsorption on Activated Carbons 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6. Role of Carbon Surface Chemistry in Catalysis 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Molecular Simulations Applied to Adsorption on and Reaction with Carbon 93\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhonghua (John) Zhu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1. Introduction 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2. Molecular Simulation Methods Applied to Carbon Reactions 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1. Electronic Structure Methods (or Quantum Mechanics Methods) 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2. Molecular Dynamics Simulations 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3. Monte Carlo Simulations 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3. Hydrogen Adsorption on and Reaction with Carbon 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1. Atomic Hydrogen Adsorption on the Basal Plane of Graphite 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2. Reactivities of Graphite Edge Sites and Hydrogen Reactions on These Sites 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3. Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanotubes 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4. Carbon Reactions with Oxygen-Containing Gases 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1. Carbon Reactions with Oxygen-Containing Gases and the Unified Mechanism 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2. Catalyzed Gas–Carbon Reactions 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3. More Specific Studies on NO\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e, and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e–Carbon Reactions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5. Metal–Carbon Interactions 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6. Conclusions 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Carbon as Catalyst Support 131\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrancisco Rodríguez-Reinoso and Antonio Sepúlveda-Escribano\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1. Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2. Properties Affecting Carbon’s Role as Catalyst Support 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1. Surface Area and Porosity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2. Surface Chemical Properties 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3. Inertness 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3. Preparation of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1. Impregnation 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2. Other Methods 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4. Applications 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1. Ammonia Synthesis 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2. Hydrotreating Reactions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3. Hydrogenation Reactions 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5. Summary 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Preparation of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts 157\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJohannes H. Bitter and Krijn P. de Jong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1. Introduction 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2. Impregnation and Adsorption 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1. Interaction Between Support and Precursor 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2. Role of Pore Structure 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3. Deposition Precipitation 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1. Increase in pH 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2. Change of Valency 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3. Ligand Removal 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4. Emerging Preparation Methods 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5. Conclusions 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Carbon as Catalyst 177\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJosé Luís Figueiredo and Manuel Fernando R. Pereira\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1. Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2. Factors Affecting the Performance of a Carbon Catalyst 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1. Nature of the Active Sites 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2. Concentration of the Active Sites 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3. Accessibility of the Active Sites 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3. Reactions Catalyzed by Carbons 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1. Oxidative Dehydrogenation 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2. Dehydration of Alcohols 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3. SO\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e Oxidation 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4. NO\u003ci\u003e\u003csub\u003ex\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e Reduction 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5. H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eS Oxidation 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6. Hydrogen Peroxide Reactions 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.7. Catalytic Ozonation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.8. Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.9. Other Reactions 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4. Conclusions 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Catalytic Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 219\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHanns-Peter Boehm\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1. Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2. Nitrogen Doping of Carbons 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1. Preparation of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2. Quantitative Analysis 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3. Electron Emission Spectrometric Analysis 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4. Properties of Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3. Catalysis of Oxidation Reactions with Dioxygen 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1. Oxidation of Aqueous Sulfurous Acid 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2. Oxidation of Oxalic Acid 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3. Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4. Oxidation of Iron(II) Ions 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5. Oxidation of Other Compounds 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4. Catalysis of Aging of Carbons 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5. Catalysis of Dehydrochlorination Reactions 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6. Mechanism of Catalysis by Nitrogen-Containing Carbons 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Carbon-Anchored Metal Complex Catalysts 267\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCristina Freire and Ana Rosa Silva\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1. Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2. General Methods for Molecule Immobilization 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3. Methods for Immobilization of Transition-Metal Complexes Onto Carbon Materials 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1. Functionalization of Carbon Materials 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2. Direct Immobilization of Metal Complexes 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3. Metal Complex Immobilization via Spacers 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4. Application of Coordination Compounds Anchored Onto Carbon Materials in Several Catalytic Reactions 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1. [M(salen)]-Based Materials 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2. [M(acac)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e]-Based Materials 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3. Metal Phthalocyanine and Porphyrin-Based Materials 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5. Application of Carbon-Supported Organometallic Compounds in Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation Catalytic Reactions 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1. Materials Based on Pd and Rh Amino Complexes 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2. Materials Based on Rh and Pd Complexes with π-Bonding Ligands (Phosphines and Dienes) 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6. Carbon-Supported Organometallic Complexes in the Polymerization Reaction of Olefins 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7. Conclusions 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers in Catalysis 309\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhilippe Serp\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1. Introduction 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2. Catalytic Growth of Carbon Nanofibers and Nanotubes 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1. Catalytic Carbon Deposition 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2. Growth Mechanism 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3. Why CNTs or CNFs Can Be Suitable for Use in Catalysis 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1. Structural Features and Electronic Properties 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2. Adsorption Properties 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3. Mechanical and Thermal Properties 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4. Macroscopic Shaping of CNTs and CNFs 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4. Preparation of Supported Catalysts on CNTs and CNFs 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5. Catalytic Performance of CNT- and CNF-Based Catalysts 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1. Hydrogenation Reactions 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2. Reactions Involving CO\/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3. Polymerization 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4. Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis by Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrocarbons 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5. Ammonia Synthesis and Decomposition 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6. Environmental Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.7. Other Reactions 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.8. Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.9. CNTs for Enzyme Immobilization 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.10. CNTs and CNFs as Catalysts 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6. Conclusions 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Carbon Gels in Catalysis 373\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCarlos Moreno-Castilla\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1. Introduction 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2. Carbon Gels: Preparation and Surface Properties 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3. Metal-Doped Carbon Gels 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1. Dissolving the Metal Precursor in the Initial Mixture 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2. Introducing a Functionalized Moiety 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3. Depositing the Metal Precursor on the Organic or Carbon Gel 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4. Catalytic Reactions of Metal-Doped Carbon Gels 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1. Environmental Applications 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2. Fuel Cell Applications 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3. C=C Double-Bond Hydrogenation 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4. Skeletal Isomerization of 1-Butene 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.5. Hydrodechlorination Reaction 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.6. Other Reactions 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5. Conclusions 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Carbon Monoliths in Catalysis 401\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKaren M. de Lathouder Edwin Crezee Freek Kapteijn and Jacob A. Moulijn\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1. Introduction 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2. Carbon 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3. Monolithic Structures 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4. Carbon Monoliths 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5. Carbon Monoliths in Catalysis: An Overview 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6. Example of Carbon Monoliths as Catalyst Support Material 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1. Carbon Monoliths as Support Material in Biocatalysis 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2. Selective Hydrogenation of D-Glucose over Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3. Performance of Carbon Monoliths 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.4. Morphology and Porosity of Various Carbon Composites 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.5. Enzyme Adsorption and Catalyst Performance in the Msr 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.6. Performance of Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7. Evaluation and Practical Considerations 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1. Monolithic Biocatalysts 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2. Monolithic Ruthenium Catalysts 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3. Practical Considerations 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8. Conclusions 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Carbon Materials as Supports for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 429\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFrédéric Maillard Pavel A. Simonov and Elena R. Savinova\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1. Introduction 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2. Structure and Morphology of Carbon Materials 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1. Carbon Blacks 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2. Activated Carbons 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3. Carbons of the Sibunit Family 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4. Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.5. Carbon Aerogels 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.6. Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3. Physicochemical Properties of Carbon Materials Relevant to Fuel Cell Operation 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1. Electron Conduction 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2. Surface Properties 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4. Preparation of Carbon-Supported Electrocatalysts 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1. Methods Based on Impregnation 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2. Colloidal Synthesis 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.3. Electrodeposition 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.4. Other Methods 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5. Structural Characterization of Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1. Adsorption Studies 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3. Xray Diffraction and Xray Absorption Spectroscopy 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4. Electrochemical Methods 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6. Influence of Carbon Supports on the Catalytic Layers in PEMFCs 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1. Intrinsic Catalytic Activity 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2. Macrokinetic Parameters 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3. Novel Carbon Materials as Supports for Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7. Corrosion and Stability of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.1. Influence of Microstructure on the Corrosion of Carbon Materials 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.2. Mechanism of Carbon Corrosion 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7.3. Corrosion and Stability of MEAs 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8. Conclusions 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Carbon Materials in Photocatalysis 481\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJoaquim Luís Faria and Wendong Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1. Introduction 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2. Carbon Materials Employed to Modify TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e in Photocatalysis 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1. Activated Carbon 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2. Carbon Black and Graphite 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3. Carbon Fiber 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4. Carbon Nanotubes 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5. Other Forms of Carbon 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Composites 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1. Mechanical Mixture of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e and Carbon Materials 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2. TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Coated or Loaded on Carbon Materials 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3. Carbon Materials Coated or Deposited on TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4. Other Approaches and Concurrent Synthesis of TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e–Carbon Composites 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.5. Methods of Characterization 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4. Photodegradation on Carbon-Containing Surfaces 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in the Liquid Phase with Carbon–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Composites 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in the Gas Phase with Carbon–TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e Composites 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5. Role of the Carbon Phase in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6. Conclusions 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Carbon-Based Sensors 507\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJun li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1. Introduction 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1. Structure of Various Carbon Allotropes 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2. sp\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e Carbon Materials: Graphite Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2. Physicochemical Properties of sp\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e Carbon Materials Relevant to Carbon Sensors 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1. Electrical and Electronic Properties 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2. Chemical Properties 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3. Electrochemical Properties 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3. Carbon-Based Sensors 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1. Carbon Materials as Loading Media 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2. Carbon Electronic Sensors 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3. Carbon Electrochemical Sensors 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4. Carbon Composite Sensors 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4. Summary 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Carbon-Supported Catalysts for the Chemical Industry 535\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVenu Arunajatesan Baoshu Chen Konrad Möbus Daniel J. Ostgard Thomas Tacke and Dorit Wolf\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1. Introduction 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2. Requirements for Carbon Materials as Catalyst Supports in Industrial Applications 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1. Activated Carbon 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2. Carbon Black 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3. Industrial Manufacture of Carbon Supports 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1. Activated Carbon 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2. Carbon Black 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4. Manufacture of Carbon-Supported Catalysts 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1. Powder Catalysts 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2. Preparation Technology 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5. Reaction Technology 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1. Batch Stirred-Tank and Loop Reactors 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2. Fixed-Bed Reactors 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6. Industrial Applications 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1. Fatty Acid Hydrogenation 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2. Selective Nitrobenzene Hydrogenations 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3. Reductive Alkylation 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.4. Toluenediamine 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.5. Butanediol 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.6. Purified Terephthalic Acid 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7. Testing and Evaluation of Carbon Catalysts 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1. Current Methods for Catalyst Evaluation 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2. High-Throughput Testing of Carbon Powder Catalysts 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3. Catalyst Profiling 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8. Conclusions 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 573\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52257150370072,"sku":"9780470178850","price":154.36,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9780470178850.jpg?v=1781277652","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/carbon-materials-for-catalysis-hardback-9780470178850","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}