{"product_id":"biology-of-sex-hardback-9781487593384","title":"Biology of Sex (Hardback) 9781487593384","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eBiology of Sex\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eAlex Mills (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781487593384\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 25 May 2018\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e432 pages, 120 b\u0026amp;w illustrations\u003cbr\u003e23.9 x 19.6 x 2.8 cm, 1.22 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiology of Sex\u003c\/em\u003e is a lively and intellectually challenging textbook. Mills analyzes the biological basis of sex by considering genetic, physiological, and evolutionary principles. In order to explain the biological aspects of human sex, he uses direct and intriguing comparisons with the many variations in sexual systems among non-human organisms. Text boxes provide fascinating examples: non-human species that cannibalize their partners during copulation, organisms that do not fall within one of two biological sexes, and species that \"trick\" others into raising their young. The author also explores questions such as: \"Is sex only for reproduction?\", \"Why is sex pleasurable?\", and \"What are the roots of sexual conflict?\" Intended primarily for readers without a science background, \u003cem\u003eBiology of Sex\u003c\/em\u003e provides novel content from the human and non-human worlds to introduce the complex subject of sex and reproduction.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Figures\u003cbr\u003eList of Boxes\u003cbr\u003ePreface\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Introduction\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e1.1 The wider context: sex, gender, sexuality, and sexual orientation\u003cbr\u003e1.1.1 Assigned sex and gender dysphoria\u003cbr\u003e1.1.2 Sex as a biological construct and gender as a social construct\u003cbr\u003e1.2 A caveat about biological determinism and ideology\u003cbr\u003e1.3 The comparative approach\u003cbr\u003e1.4 Biology as a part of natural science\u003cbr\u003e1.5 Theories and the methodology of science\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Sex and Reproduction\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e2.1 Does sexual motivation reveal its \"purpose\"?\u003cbr\u003e2.1.1 Sex has diverse purposes through co-option\u003cbr\u003e2.1.2 Homosexuality could be one manifestation of co-option\u003cbr\u003e2.1.3 Sexual features can also be co-opted for non-social purposes\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Reproduction: sexual, asexual, and non-sexual\u003cbr\u003e2.2.1 Not all organisms reproduce sexually\u003cbr\u003e2.2.2 Non-sexual reproductions of human cells is through mitosis and cytokinesis\u003cbr\u003e2.2.3 Asexual reproduction in complex organisms\u003cbr\u003e2.2.4 Switching between parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Sexual reproduction fundamentals\u003cbr\u003e2.3.1 Female and male: Eggs and sperm\u003cbr\u003e2.3.2 Primary versus secondary sex characteristics\u003cbr\u003e2.4 From fertilization to the production of offspring\u003cbr\u003e2.4.1 External versus internal fertilization\u003cbr\u003e2.4.2 Other variations in patterns of sexual reproduction\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Sex and Inheritance\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e3.1 How an Augustinian friar discovered the rules of sexual inheritance\u003cbr\u003e3.1.1 Mendel\u0026amp;#x2019;s peas were a \"friendly\" study system\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Developing Mendel\u0026amp;#x2019;s Law of Segregation\u003cbr\u003e3.2.1 The second-generation offspring showed a surprising pattern of inheritance\u003cbr\u003e3.2.2 The meaning of segregation in the making of gametes\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Mendel\u0026amp;#x2019;s Law of Independent Assortment\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Updating Mendelian genetics\u003cbr\u003e3.4.1 Using modern terminology\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Applying Mendelian genetics to humans\u003cbr\u003e3.5.1 Mendelian inheritance of blood groups in humans\u003cbr\u003e3.6 Sex, DNA, and chromosomes\u003cbr\u003e3.6.1 Chromosomes are the hereditary material\u003cbr\u003e3.6.2 The human karyotype\u003cbr\u003e3.6.3 DNA is the genetic code\u003cbr\u003e3.6.4 How DNA encodes information\u003cbr\u003e3.7 What happens to chromosomes in the making of gametes?\u003cbr\u003e3.7.1 What is crossing-over?\u003cbr\u003e3.7.2 The two divisions of meiosis\u003cbr\u003e3.7.3 Sex and chromosomes that don\u0026amp;#x2019;t crossover\u003cbr\u003e3.7.4 How meiosis relates to Mendel\u0026amp;#x2019;s laws\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Sex and Evolution\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e4.1 A short history of evolutionary thought\u003cbr\u003e4.1.1 Evolutionary theory is a natural result of the Enlightenment\u003cbr\u003e4.1.2 Exploration, fossils, and a very old Earth also led to evolutionary theory\u003cbr\u003e4.1.3 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed a mechanism for evolution in 1809\u003cbr\u003e4.1.4 Charles Darwin and the voyage of the \u003cem\u003eBeagle\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4.2 The principles of natural selection\u003cbr\u003e4.2.1 The argument for natural selection\u003cbr\u003e4.2.2 The concepts of fitness and adaptation\u003cbr\u003e4.3 DNA as an evolutionary legacy\u003cbr\u003e4.3.1 Mutations, and how alleles differ from one another\u003cbr\u003e4.3.2 Chromosomal mutations can also contribute to evolution\u003cbr\u003e4.3.3 Mutation rates in sperm and eggs\u003cbr\u003e4.4 Thinking of breeding groups as gene pools\u003cbr\u003e4.4.1 Human breeding groups can be thought of as gene pools\u003cbr\u003e4.4.2 The ABO blood group gene pool\u003cbr\u003e4.5 The evolutionary costs of sex\u003cbr\u003e4.5.1 The numerical argument that sex is costly\u003cbr\u003e4.5.2 Sexual reproduction also involves search costs\u003cbr\u003e4.5.3 Sexual reproduction can entail health, injury, and mortality costs\u003cbr\u003e4.6 The evolutionary benefits of sex\u003cbr\u003e4.6.1 Advantages associated with a diverse gene pool\u003cbr\u003e4.6.2 Inbreeding reveals the value of gene mixing through sex\u003cbr\u003e4.6.3 The Red Queen hypothesis and Muller\u0026amp;#x2019;s ratchet\u003cbr\u003e4.7 The role of sex in the creation of species\u003cbr\u003e4.7.1 Two different patterns of species evolution\u003cbr\u003e4.7.2 How do gene pools become split at the start of speciation?\u003cbr\u003e4.7.3 Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic reproductive barriers\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Sexual Selection\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e5.1 Sexual selection is a sub-category of natural selection\u003cbr\u003e5.1.1 Comparing examples of natural selection and sexual selection\u003cbr\u003e5.1.2 Re-formulating the natural selection argument for sexual selection\u003cbr\u003e5.1.3 Manifestations of sexual selection\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Why are females usually the \"limiting sex\"?\u003cbr\u003e5.2.1 Females usually invest more in reproduction\u003cbr\u003e5.2.2 Does inter-sexual selection produce payoffs?\u003cbr\u003e5.2.3 Does intra-sexual selection produce payoffs?\u003cbr\u003e5.3 How mate choice based on ornaments increases female fitness\u003cbr\u003e5.3.1 Genetic benefits in the runaway hypothesis: \"Sexy sons\"\u003cbr\u003e5.3.2 Genetic benefits in the good genes hypothesis: Better survival\u003cbr\u003e5.3.3 Benefits in the good resources hypothesis: Honest promises\u003cbr\u003e5.4 Sex role reversal\u003cbr\u003e5.4.1 Sex role reversal: Adjusting investments made by males and females\u003cbr\u003e5.5 Not all intra-sexual competition involves fighting\u003cbr\u003e5.5.1 Scrambles are a form of indirect competition\u003cbr\u003e5.5.2 Endurance and subterfuge are also forms of indirect competition\u003cbr\u003e5.5.3 Sperm competition\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Mating Systems\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e6.1 There are five major types of mating systems\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Monogamy\u003cbr\u003e6.2.1 Distinguishing among types of monogamy\u003cbr\u003e6.2.2 Hypotheses for monogamy\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Polygyny is the most common form of polygamy\u003cbr\u003e6.3.1 Two models for polygyny\u003cbr\u003e6.3.2 Human polygyny\u003cbr\u003e6.4 The benefits for females of mating with multiple males\u003cbr\u003e6.4.1 Non-monogamous females hedge their bets against infertility\u003cbr\u003e6.4.2 Non-monogamous females reap genetic benefits\u003cbr\u003e6.4.3 Non-monogamous females can reap direct benefits\u003cbr\u003e6.5 Polyandry\u003cbr\u003e6.5.1 Polyandrous mating systems are much less common than polygynous ones\u003cbr\u003e6.6 Polygynandry\u003cbr\u003e6.6.1 Reproductive skew\u003cbr\u003e6.6.2 Cooperative breeding\u003cbr\u003e6.7 Promiscuity\u003cbr\u003e6.7.1 Factors associated with promiscuity\u003cbr\u003e6.7.2 Scramble competitions are usually promiscuous mating systems\u003cbr\u003e6.7.3 \"Lek polygyny\" is a promiscuous system resembling hook-up culture\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Sexual Conflict\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e7.1 Strategies for sexual success\u003cbr\u003e7.1.1 A comment on terminology\u003cbr\u003e7.1.2 Sexual strategies exist in the context of sexual conflict\u003cbr\u003e7.2 Realms of sexual conflict\u003cbr\u003e7.2.1 Sexual conflict before mating\u003cbr\u003e7.2.2 Sexual conflict during mating\u003cbr\u003e7.2.3 Sexual conflict after mating\u003cbr\u003e7.2.4 Sexual conflict during parenting\u003cbr\u003e7.3 Mating strategies can change with circumstances\u003cbr\u003e7.3.1 Making the best of things\u003cbr\u003e7.3.2 Life history theory argues for plastic mating strategies\u003cbr\u003e7.3.3 Sex allocation\u003cbr\u003e7.4 Same-sex parenting\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Sex Determination and Differentiation\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e8.1 Are male and female bodies the only two options in sex determination?\u003cbr\u003e8.2 The familiar method of sex determination relies on X- and Y-chromosomes\u003cbr\u003e8.2.1 Using insects to discover the role of sex chromosomes\u003cbr\u003e8.2.2 The X- and Y-chromosomes in humans\u003cbr\u003e8.2.3 Little genetic differences between men and women, but big phenotypic differences\u003cbr\u003e8.2.4 The \u003cem\u003eSRY\u003c\/em\u003e gene and transcription\u003cbr\u003e8.3 Not all genetic sex determination relies on the XY system\u003cbr\u003e8.3.1 Genetic sex determination without Y-chromosomes\u003cbr\u003e8.3.2 Are females ever the heterogametic sex?\u003cbr\u003e8.3.3 Chromosomal sex determination where hermaphroditism is a phenotype\u003cbr\u003e8.3.4 Genetic sex determination in honeybees\u003cbr\u003e8.4 Environmental sex determination\u003cbr\u003e8.4.1 Temperature is a non-social sex-determination system\u003cbr\u003e8.4.2 Environmental sex determination can override genetic sex determination\u003cbr\u003e8.4.3 Can mothers use temperature to select their offspring\u0026amp;#x2019;s sex?\u003cbr\u003e8.4.4 Social systems of environmental sex determination\u003cbr\u003e8.4.5 Anomalous sex determination caused by a member of a different species\u003cbr\u003e8.4.6 Anomalous sex determination by ecotoxins\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. Human Sexual Anatomy and Regulation\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e9.1 Human sexual differentiation and function is highly dependent on hormones\u003cbr\u003e9.1.1 The endocrine system regulates hormones in the bloodstream\u003cbr\u003e9.1.2 Major hormones that regulate sexual development, function, and behavior\u003cbr\u003e9.2 Sex differentiation is part of development\u003cbr\u003e9.2.1 Human sexual differentiation before birth\u003cbr\u003e9.3 The male reproductive system\u003cbr\u003e9.3.1 Further male differentiation during the prenatal period\u003cbr\u003e9.3.2 Male sexual development at puberty\u003cbr\u003e9.3.3 Sexual anatomy of the human adult male\u003cbr\u003e9.4 The female reproductive system\u003cbr\u003e9.4.1 Further female differentiation during the prenatal period\u003cbr\u003e9.4.2 Female sexual differentiation at puberty\u003cbr\u003e9.4.3 Sexual anatomy of the human adult female\u003cbr\u003e9.5 Anomalous sexual phenotypes in humans\u003cbr\u003e9.5.1 Consequences of anomalies in the sex chromosomes\u003cbr\u003e9.5.2 Intersex conditions that result from dysfunctional alleles\u003cbr\u003e9.5.3 When girls become men at puberty\u003cbr\u003e9.6 Sex linkage: Why some genetic disorders occur mostly in males\u003cbr\u003e9.7 Cancers of sexually differentiated organs and tissues\u003cbr\u003e9.7.1 Cancers associated with male organs\u003cbr\u003e9.7.2 Cancers associated with female organs\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10. Human Fertility and Birth\u003cbr\u003eKey themes\u003cbr\u003e10.1 Key differences between making sperm and eggs\u003cbr\u003e10.1.1 Spermatogenesis occurs from puberty to old age\u003cbr\u003e10.1.2 Oogenesis occurs from the fetal stage to menopause\u003cbr\u003e10.2 The menstrual cycle\u003cbr\u003e10.2.1 Most mammals have an estrous cycle instead\u003cbr\u003e10.2.2 Is women\u0026amp;#x2019;s fertile period concealed?\u003cbr\u003e10.3 Sexual arousal and response in men and women\u003cbr\u003e10.4 Fertilization and the making of a zygote\u003cbr\u003e10.4.1 Infertility\u003cbr\u003e10.4.2 Contraception\u003cbr\u003e10.5 Pregnancy\u003cbr\u003e10.5.1 The placenta\u003cbr\u003e10.5.2 Labor and delivery\u003cbr\u003e10.6 Breast-feeding\u003cbr\u003e10.7 Menopause\u003cbr\u003e10.8 Sexually transmitted infections\u003cbr\u003e10.8.1 A diversity of organisms cause STIs\u003cbr\u003e10.8.2 Major bacterial STIs\u003cbr\u003e10.8.3 Major STIs caused by viruses\u003cbr\u003e10.8.4 Non-humans suffer sexually transmitted infections too\u003cbr\u003eSummary\u003cbr\u003eFurther reading\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary\u003cbr\u003eIndex\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"University of Toronto Press","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52599863050520,"sku":"9781487593384","price":92.29,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/biology-of-sex-hardback-9781487593384","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}