{"product_id":"biological-sludge-minimization-and-biomaterials-bioenergy-recovery-technologies-hardback-9780470768822","title":"Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials\/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies (Hardback) 9780470768822","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eBiological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials\/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eEtienne Paul (Edited by), E Paul (Author), Yu Liu (Edited by)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780470768822, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 26 July 2012\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e536 pages\u003cbr\u003e24.1 x 16.5 x 3.2 cm, 0.871 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA comprehensive guide to sludge management, reuse, and disposal\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen wastewater is treated, reducing organic material to carbon dioxide, water, and bacterial cells—the cells are disposed of, producing a semisolid and nutrient-rich byproduct called sludge. The expansion in global population and industrial activity has turned the production of excess sludge into an international environmental challenge, with the ultimate disposal of excess sludge now one of the most expensive problems faced by wastewater facilities.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten by two leading environmental engineers, \u003ci\u003eBiological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials\/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies\u003c\/i\u003e offers a comprehensive look at cutting-edge techniques for reducing sludge production, converting sludge into a value-added material, recovering useful resources from sludge, and sludge incineration. Reflecting the impact of new stringent environmental legislation, this book offers a frank appraisal of how sludge can be realistically managed, covering key concerns and the latest tools:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eFundamentals of biological processes for wastewater treatment, wastewater microbiology, and microbial metabolism, essential to understanding how sludge is produced\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003ePrediction of primary sludge and waste-activated sludge production, among the chief design and operational challenges of a wastewater treatment plant\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eTechnologies for sludge reduction, with a focus on reducing microbial growth yield as well as enhancing sludge disintegration\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe use of anerobic digestion of sewage sludge for biogas recovery, in terms of process fundamentals, design, and operation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe use of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) system for the sustainable treatment of organic wastes and electrical energy recovery\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContributors xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Fundamentals of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJianlong Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction, 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 The Objective of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Roles of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment, 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Types of Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes, 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Classification of Microorganisms, 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 By the Sources of Carbon and Energy, 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 By Temperature Range, 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Microorganism Types in Biological Wastewater Treatment, 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Some Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment, 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Bacteria, 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Fungi, 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Algae, 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Protozoans, 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5 Rotifers and Crustaceans, 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.6 Viruses, 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Measurement of Microbial Biomass, 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Total Number of Microbial Cells, 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Measurement of Viable Microbes on Solid Growth Media, 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Measurement of Active Cells in Environmental Samples, 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Determination of Cellular Biochemical Compounds, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Evaluation of Microbial Biodiversity by Molecular Techniques, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Microbial Nutrition, 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Microbial Chemical Composition, 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Macronutrients, 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Micronutrients, 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.4 Growth Factor, 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.5 Microbial Empirical Formula, 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Microbial Metabolism, 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Catabolic Metabolic Pathways, 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Anabolic Metabolic Pathway, 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.3 Biomass Synthesis Yields, 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.4 Coupling Energy-Synthesis Metabolism, 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Functions of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Aerobic Biological Oxidation, 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Biological Nutrients Removal, 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.3 Anaerobic Biological Oxidation, 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.4 Biological Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds and Heavy Metals, 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.5 Removal of Pathogens and Parasites, 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Activated Sludge Process, 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.1 Basic Process, 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.2 Microbiology of Activated Sludge, 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.3 Biochemistry of Activated Sludge, 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9.4 Main Problems in the Activated Sludge Process, 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Suspended- and Attached-Growth Processes, 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.1 Suspended-Growth Processes, 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.2 Attached-Growth Processes, 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.3 Hybrid Systems, 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10.4 Comparison Between Suspended- and Attached-Growth Systems, 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal, 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.1 Sludge Production, 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.2 Sludge Treatment Processes, 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11.3 Sludge Disposal and Application, 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Sludge Production: Quantification and Prediction for Urban Treatment Plants and Assessment of Strategies for Sludge Reduction 81\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMathieu Spe´randio, Etienne Paul, Yolaine Bessie`re, and Yu Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction, 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Sludge Fractionation and Origin, 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Sludge Composition, 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Wastewater Characteristics, 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Quantification of Excess Sludge Production, 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Primary Treatment, 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Activated Sludge Process, 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Phosphorus Removal (Biological and Physicochemical), 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Practical Evaluation of Sludge Production, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Sludge Production Yield Variability with Domestic Wastewater, 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Influence of Sludge Age: Experimental Data Versus Models, 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 ISS Entrapment in the Sludge, 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Example of Sludge Production for a Different Case Study, 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Strategies for Excess Sludge Reduction, 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Classification of Strategies, 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Increasing the Sludge Age, 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Model-Based Evaluation of Advanced ESR Strategies, 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Conclusions, 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Nomenclature, 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Characterization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge 117\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEtienne Paul, Xavier Lefebvre, Mathieu Sperandio, Dominique Lefebvre, and Yu Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction, 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Definitions, 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Wastewater and Sludge Composition and Fractionation, 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Wastewater COD Fractions, 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 WAS COD Fractions, 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 ADS Organic Fractions, 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Physical Fractionation, 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Physical State of Wastewater Organic Matter, 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Methods for Physical Fractionation of Wastewater Components, 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Biodegradation Assays for Wastewater and Sludge Characterization, 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Background, 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Methods Based on Substrate Depletion, 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Methods Based on Respirometry, 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Anaerobic Biodegradation Assays, 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Application to Wastewater COD Fractionation, 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Global Picture of Fractionation Methods and Wastewater COD Fractions, 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Application of Physical Separation for Characterization of Wastewater COD Fractions, 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Biodegradable COD Fraction, 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.4 Relation Between Physical and Biological Properties of Organic Fractions, 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.5 Unbiodegradable Particulate COD Fractions, 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Assessment of the Characteristics of Sludge and Disintegrated Sludge, 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Physical Fractionation of COD Released from Sludge Disintegration Treatment, 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Biological Fractionation of COD Released from Sludge Disintegration Treatment, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Biodegradability of WAS in Anaerobic Digestion, 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.4 Unbiodegradable COD in Anaerobic Digestion, 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Nomenclature, 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process for Enhanced Microbial Decay 155\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eQingliang Zhao and Jianfang Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction, 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Description of the Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process, 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process, 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Characteristics of the OSA Process, 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Effects of an Anaerobic Sludge Tank on the Performance of an OSA System, 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Fate of Sludge Anaerobic Exposure in an OSA System, 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Effect of Sludge Anaerobic Exposure on Biomass Activity, 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Sludge Production in an OSA System, 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Performance of an OSA System, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Organic and Nutrient Removal, 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Sludge Settleability, 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Important Influence Factors, 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Influence of the ORP on Sludge Production, 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Influence of the ORP on Performance of an OSA System, 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Influence of SAET on Sludge Production, 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Influence of SAET on the Performance of an OSA System, 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Possible Sludge Reduction in the OSA Process, 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Slow Growers, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Energy Uncoupling Metabolism, 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.3 Sludge Endogenous Decay, 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Microbial Community in an OSA System, 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Staining Analysis, 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 FISH Analysis, 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Cost and Energy Evaluation, 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Evaluation of the OSA Process, 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Process Development, 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.1 Sludge Decay Combined with Other Sludge Reduction Mechanisms, 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.2 Improved Efficiency in Sludge Anaerobic Digestion, 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11.3 Combined Minimization of Excess Sludge with Nutrient Removal, 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Minimization: Pros and Cons 183\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBo Jiang, Yu Liu, and Etienne Paul\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction, 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis, 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Electron Transport System, 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Mechanisms of Oxidative Phosphorylation, 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Control of ATP Synthesis, 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Diversion of PMF from ATP Synthesis to Other Physiological Activities, 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation, 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Uncoupling of Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation, 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Reduction, 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Chemical Uncouplers Used for Sludge Reduction, 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Uncoupling Activity, 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Modeling of Uncoupling Effect on Sludge Production, 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Sideeffects of Chemical Uncouplers, 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Full-Scale Application, 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Reduction of Excess Sludge Production Using Ozonation or Chlorination: Performance and Mechanisms of Action 209\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEtienne Paul, Qi-Shan Liu, and Yu Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction, 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Significant Operational Results for ESP Reduction with Ozone, 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Options for Combining Ozonation and Biological Treatment, 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 ESP Reduction Performance, 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Assessing Ozone Efficiency for Mineral ESP Reduction, 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Side Effects of Sludge Ozonation, 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Outlet SS and COD, 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 N Removal, 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Cost Assessment, 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Effect of Ozone on Sludge, 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Synergy Between Ozonation and Biological Treatment, 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Some Fundamentals of Ozone Transfer, 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Sludge Composition, 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.4 Effect of Ozone on Activated Sludge: Batch Tests, 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.5 Effect of Ozone on Biomass Activity, 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.6 Competition for Ozone in Mixed Liquor, 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Modeling Ozonation Effect, 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Remarks on Sludge Ozonation, 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Chlorination in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Introduction, 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Chlorination-Assisted Biological Process for Sludge Reduction, 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.3 Effect of Chlorine Dosage on Sludge Reduction, 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.4 Chlorine Requirement, 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Nomenclature, 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Biological Process for Sludge Reduction 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZhi-Wu Wang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction, 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Mechanism of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Reduced Sludge Production, 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Decreased Specific Loading Rate, 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Uncoupled Microbial Metabolism Pathway, 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Shifted Microbial Population, 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Limits of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Process for Reduced Sludge Production, 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Minimizing Excess Sludge Production Through Membrane Bioreactors and Integrated Processes 261\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhilip Chuen-Yung Wong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction, 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Mass Balances, 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Integrated Processes Based on Lysis-Cryptic Growth, 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Mass Balance Incorporating Sludge Disintegration and Solubilization, 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Thermal and Thermal-Alkaline Treatment, 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Ozonation, 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Sonication, 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Predation, 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks, 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Sustainable Treatment of Organic Wastes and Electrical Energy Recovery 291\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShi-Jie You, Nan-Qi Ren, and Qing-Liang Zhao\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction, 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Fundamentals, Evaluation, and Design of MFCs, 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Principles, 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Performance Evaluation, 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 MFC Configurations, 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Performance of Anodes, 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Electrode Materials, 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Microbial Electron Transfer, 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Electron Donors, 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Cathode Performances, 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Electron Acceptors, 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Electrochemical Fundamentals of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction, 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Air-Cathode Structure and Function, 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Electrocatalyst, 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Separator, 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 pH Gradient and Buffer, 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Applications of MFC-Based Technology, 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.1 Biosensors, 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.2 Hydrogen Production, 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.3 Desalination, 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis, 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7.5 Environmental Remediation, 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Conclusions and Remarks, 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge 319\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKuan-Yeow Show, Duu-Jong Lee, and Joo-Hwa Tay\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction, 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Principles of Anaerobic Digestion, 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Hydrolysis and Acidogenesis, 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Methane Formation, 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Environmental Requirements and Control, 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 pH, 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Alkalinity, 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Temperature, 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Nutrients, 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.5 Toxicity, 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Design Considerations for Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Hydraulic Detention Time, 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Solids Loading, 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Temperature, 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Mixing, 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Component Design of Anaerobic Digester Systems, 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Tank Configurations, 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Temperature Control, 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.3 Sludge Heating, 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.4 Auxiliary Mixing, 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Reactor Configurations, 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Conventional Anaerobic Digesters, 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Anaerobic Contact Processes, 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Other Types of Configurations, 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Advantages and Limitations of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion, 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Summary and New Horizons, 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Mechanical Pretreatment-Assisted Biological Processes 349\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHe´le`ne Carre`re, Damien J. Batstone, and Etienne Paul\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction, 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Mechanisms of Mechanical Pretreatment, 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 From Sludge Disintegration to Cell Lysis and Chemical Transformation, 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Specific Energy, 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Sonication, 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Grinding, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.5 Shear-Based Methods: High-Pressure and Collision Plate Homogenization, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.6 Lysis Centrifuge, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Impacts of Treatment: Rate vs. Extent of Degradability, 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Grinding, 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Ultrasonication, 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Equipment for Mechanical Pretreatment, 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Sonication, 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Grinding, 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Shear-Based Methods: High-Pressure and Collision Plate Homogenization, 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Lysis Centrifuge, 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Side Effects, 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Activated Sludge, 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Anaerobic Digestion, 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Performances, 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Dewaterability, 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Full-Scale Performance and Market Penetration, 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Energy Balance, 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.5 Nutrient Release and Recovery\/Removal, 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Conclusion, 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Thermal Methods to Enhance Biological Treatment Processes 373\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEtienne Paul, He´le`ne Carre`re, and Damien J. Batstone\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction, 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Mechanisms, 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Effects of Heating on Cells, 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Effect of Heating on Sludge, 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Mechanisms of Thermal Pretreatment, 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Devices for Thermal Treatment, 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Low-Temperature Pretreatment, 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 High-Temperature Pretreatment, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Applications of Thermal Treatment, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Thermal Treatment Combined with Activated Sludge, 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Thermal Pretreatment to Anaerobic Digestion, 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Conclusions, 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Sewage Sludge for Energy Recovery 405\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eYong-Qiang Liu, Joo-Hwa Tay, and Yu Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction, 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Characteristics and Dewatering of Sewage Sludge, 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Energy Recovery from Sludge, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Incineration, 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification, 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Wet Oxidation, 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.4 Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis and Gasification, 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology for Wastewater Treatment 429\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBing-Jie Ni and Han-Qing Yu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction, 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Technological Starting Points: Cultivating Aerobic Granules, 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Substrate Composition, 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Organic Loading Rate, 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 Seed Sludge, 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Reactor Configuration, 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.5 Operational Parameters, 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Mechanisms of the Aerobic Granulation Process, 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Granulation Steps, 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Selective Pressure, 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Characterization of Aerobic Granular Sludge, 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Biomass Yield and Sludge Reduction, 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Formation and Consumption of Microbial Products, 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Microbial Structure and Diversity, 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Physicochemical Characteristics, 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Modeling Granule-Based SBR for Wastewater Treatment, 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Nutrient Removal in Granule-Based SBRs, 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Multiscale Modeling of Granule-Based SBR, 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Bioremediation of Wastewaters with Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology, 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Organic Wastewater Treatment, 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Biological Nutrient Removal, 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.3 Domestic Wastewater Treatment, 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.4 Xenobiotic Contaminant Bioremediation, 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.5 Removal of Heavy Metals or Dyes, 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Remarks, 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Biodegradable Bioplastics from Fermented Sludge, Wastes, and Effluents 465\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEtienne Paul, Elisabeth Neuhauser, and Yu Liu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction, 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Context of Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Production from Sludge and Effluents, 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Industrial Context for PHA Production, 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 PHA Structure, 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Microbiology for PHA Production, 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Metabolism of PHA Production, 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 PHB Metabolism, 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Metabolism for Other PHA Production, 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Nutrient Limitations, 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 PHA Metabolism in Mixed Cultures, 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.5 Effect of Substrate in Mixed Cultures, 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 PHA Kinetics, 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 PHA Storage to Minimize Excess Sludge Production in Wastewater Treatment Plants, 481\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Choice of Process and Reactor Design for PHA Production, 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.1 Criteria, 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.2 Anaerobic–Aerobic Process, 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.3 Aerobic Dynamic Feeding Process, 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7.4 Fed-Batch Process Under Nutrient Growth Limitation, 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Culture Selection and Enrichment Strategies, 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 PHA Quality and Recovery, 489\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Industrial Developments, 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences, 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 499\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand 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