{"product_id":"a-practical-guide-to-compressor-technology-hardback-9780471727934","title":"A Practical Guide to Compressor Technology (Hardback) 9780471727934","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eA Practical Guide to Compressor Technology\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eHeinz P. Bloch (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780471727934, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 3 October 2006\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e590 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.6 x 17.8 x 3 cm, 1.021 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eA Complete overview of theory, selection, design, operation, and maintenance\u003c\/b\u003e  \u003cp\u003eThis text offers a thorough overview of the operating characteristics, efficiencies, design features, troubleshooting, and maintenance of dynamic and positive displacement process gas compressors. The author examines a wide spectrum of compressors used in heavy process industries, with an emphasis on improving reliability and avoiding failure. Readers learn both the theory underlying compressors as well as the myriad day-to-day practical issues and challenges that chemical engineers and plant operation personnel must address.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe text features:\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eLatest design and manufacturing details of dynamic and positive displacement process gas compressors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eExamination of the full range of machines available for the heavy process industries\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThorough presentation of the arrangements, material composition, and basic laws governing the design of all important process gas compressors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eGuidance on selecting optimum compressor configurations, controls, components, and auxiliaries to maximize reliability\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eMonitoring and performance analysis for optimal machinery condition\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eSystematic methods to avoid failure through the application of field-tested reliability enhancement concepts\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eFluid instability and externally pressurized bearings\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eReliability-driven asset management strategies for compressors\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eUpstream separator and filter issues\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe text's structure is carefully designed to build knowledge and skills by starting with key principles and then moving to more advanced material. Hundreds of photos depicting various types of compressors, components, and processes are provided throughout.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressors often represent a multi-million dollar investment for such applications as petrochemical processing and refining, refrigeration, pipeline transport, and turbochargers and superchargers for internal combustion engines. This text enables the broad range of engineers and plant managers who work with these compressors to make the most of the investment by leading them to the best decisions for selecting, operating, upgrading, maintaining, and troubleshooting.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePREFACE xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART I POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR TECHNOLOGY 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Theory 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Symbols 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 How a Compressor Works 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Ideal or Perfect Gas Laws 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Boyle’s Law 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Charles’ Law 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.3 Amonton’s Law 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.4 Dalton’s Law 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.5 Amagat’s Law 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.6 Avogadro’s Law 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.7 Perfect Gas Formula 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Vapor Pressure 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Gas and Vapor 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Partial Pressures 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Critical Conditions 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Compressibility 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 Generalized Compressibility Charts 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12 Gas Mixtures 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13 The Mole 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14 Specific Volume and Density 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15 Volume Percent of Constituents 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16 Molecular Weight of a Mixture 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17 Specific Gravity and Partial Pressure 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18 Ratio of Specific Heats 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19 Pseudo-critical Conditions and Compressibility 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20 Weight-Basis Items 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21 Compression Cycles 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22 Power Requirement 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23 Compressibility Correction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24 Multiple Staging 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.25 Volume References 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26 Cylinder Clearance and Volumetric Efficiency 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27 Cylinder Clearance and Compression Efficiency 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Reciprocating Process Compressor Design Overview 29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Crankshaft Design 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Bearings and Lubrication Systems 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Connecting Rods 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Crossheads 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Frames and Cylinders 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Cooling Provisions 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Pistons 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Piston and Rider Rings 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Valves 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Piston Rods 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Packings 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Cylinder Lubrication 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13 Distance Pieces 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14 Reciprocating Compressor Modernization 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14.1 Cylinder Upgrades 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14.2 Design for Easy Maintenance 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14.3 Crosshead Designs and Attention to Reliable Lubrication 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14.4 Materials 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Reciprocating Compressor Performance and Monitoring Considerations 63\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Capacity Control 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Recycle or Bypass 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Suction Throttling 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Suction Valve Unloading 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Clearance Pockets 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 More About Cylinder Jacket Cooling and Heating Arrangements 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Methods of Cooling 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Comparing Lubricated and Nonlubricated Conventional Cylinder Construction 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Lubricated Cylinder Designs 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Nonlubricated Cylinder Design 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Compressor Vent and Buffer Systems 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Compressor Instrumentation 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Electric vs. Pneumatic Switches 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Switch Set Points 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Control Panels 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Valve-in-Piston Reciprocating Compressors 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.5 Barrel-Frame Reciprocating Compressors 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Condition Monitoring of Reciprocating Compressors 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Maintenance Strategies 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Justification for Machine Monitoring 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 What to Monitor and Why 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Labyrinth Piston Compressors 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Main Design Features 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Energy Consumption 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Sealing Problems 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Hypercompressors 109\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Cylinders and Piston Seals 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Cylinder Heads and Valves 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Drive Mechanism 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Miscellaneous Problems 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusions 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Metal Diaphragm Compressors 121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Terminology 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Description 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Lobe and Sliding Vane Compressors 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Liquid Ring Compressors 135\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Rotary Screw Compressors and Filter Separators 141\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Twin-Screw Machines 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 Working Phases 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Areas of Application 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Dry vs. Liquid-Injected Machines 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.4 Operating Principles 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.5 Flow Calculation 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.6 Power Calculation 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.7 Temperature Rise 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.8 Capacity Control 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.9 Mechanical Construction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.10 Industry Experience 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.11 Maintenance History 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.12 Performance Summary 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Oil-Flooded Single-Screw Compressors 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Selecting Modern Reverse-Flow Filter-Separator Technology 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Conventional Filter-Separators vs. SCCs 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Removal Efficiencies 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Filter Quality 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Selecting the Most Suitable Gas Filtration Equipment 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.5 Evaluating the Proposed Configurations 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.6 Life-Cycle-Cost Calculations 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.7 Conclusions 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Reciprocating Compressor Performance and Sizing Fundamentals 171\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Theoretical Maximum Capacity 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Capacity Losses 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Valve Preload 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Valve and Gas Passage Throttling 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Piston Ring Leakage 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Packing Leakage 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Discharge Valve Leakage 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Suction Valve Leakage 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Heating Effects 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Pulsation Effects 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Horsepower 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Horsepower Adders 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Gas Properties 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13.1 Ideal Gas 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13.2 Real Gas 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Alternative Equations of State 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15 Condensation 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.16 Frame Loads 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17 Compressor Displacement and Clearance 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.18 Staging 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19 Fundamentals of Sizing 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19.1 Number of Stages 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19.2 Approximate Horsepower 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19.3 Cylinder Bore Requirements 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19.4 Frame Load 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19.5 Vendor Confirmation 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20 Sizing Examples 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePART II DYNAMIC COMPRESSOR TECHNOLOGY 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Simplified Equations for Determining the Performance of Dynamic Compressors 205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Nonoverloading Characteristics of Centrifugal Compressors 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Stability 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Speed Change 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Compressor Drive 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Calculations 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Design Considerations and Manufacturing Techniques 215\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Axially vs. Radially Split 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Tightness 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Material Stress 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Nozzle Location and Maintenance 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Design Overview 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Casings 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Flow Path 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Rotors 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Impellers 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.5 Axial Blading 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.6 Seals 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Bearing Configurations 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.1 Radial Bearings 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.2 Thrust Bearings 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6.3 Flexure Pivot Tilt Pad Bearings 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Casing Design Criteria 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Casing Manufacturing Techniques 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Stage Design Considerations 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Impeller Manufacturing Techniques 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Rotor Dynamic Considerations 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Fouling Considerations and Coatings 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.1 Polymerization and Fouling 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.2 Fouling and Its Effect on Compressor Operation 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.3 Coating Case Study 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.4 SermaLon Coating 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12.5 Results 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Advanced Sealing and Bearing Systems 299\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Background 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Dry Seals 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Operating Principles 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Operating Experience 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Problems and Solutions 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.4 Dry Seal Upgrade Developments 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.5 Dry Gas Seal Failures Avoided by Gas Conditioning 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Magnetic Bearings 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Operating Principles 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Operating Experience and Benefits 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Problems and Solutions 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Development Efforts 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Thrust-Reducing Seals 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Integrated Designs 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Fluid-Induced Instability and Externally Pressurized Bearings 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Instability Considerations 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Fluid-Induced Instability 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Eccentricity and Stiffness 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.4 Externally Pressurized Bearings and Seals 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.5 Practical Applications 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.6 Rotor Model, Dynamic Stiffness, and Fluid Instability 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.7 Root Locus Stability Analysis 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.8 More About Externally Pressurized Bearings 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.9 Field Data Collection 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.10 Test Stand Data 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.11 Conclusions 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuggested Reading 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Couplings, Torque Transmission, and Torque Sensing 339\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Coupling Overview 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Low Overhung Moment 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Low Residual Unbalance Desired 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Long Life and Maintainability 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4 Continuous Lubrication Not a Cure-All 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.5 Contoured Diaphragm Coupling 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Coupling Retrofits and Upgrades 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Performance Optimization Through Torque Monitoring 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Lubrication, Sealing, and Control Oil Systems for Turbomachinery 357\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Considerations Common to All Systems 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Seal Oil Considerations 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Compressor Control 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Control System Objectives 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Compressor Maps 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Invariant Coordinates 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Performance Control 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 PI and PID Control Algorithms 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Stability Considerations 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Integral or Reset Windup 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Performance Limitations 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Surge Limit 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Stonewall 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Preventing Surge 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.1 Antisurge Control Variables 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.2 Antisurge Control Algorithms 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6.3 Controlling Limiting Variables 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Loop Decoupling 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Conclusions 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Head-Flow Curve Shape of Centrifugal Compressors 381\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Compressor Stage 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Elements of the Characteristic Shape 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Basic Slope 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Blade Angle 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Fan Law Effect 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Choke Effect 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.5 Mach Number 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.6 Significance of Gas Weight 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.7 Inducer Impeller Effects on Head Output 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.8 Surge 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.9 Vaned Diffusers 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.10 Vaneless Diffusers 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.11 Equivalent Tip Speeds 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Conclusions 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Use of Multiple-Inlet Compressors 395\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Critical Selection Criteria 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Head Rise to Surge, Surge Margin, and Overload Margin 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Head per Section 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.3 Compressor Parasitic Flows 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.4 Excess Margins on Other Process Equipment 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.5 Representing Compressor Performance 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.6 Practical Levels of Critical Operating Parameters 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Design of a Sideload Compressor 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Mixing Area 402\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Aerodynamics 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Temperature Stratification 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Testing 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Test Setup 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Instrumentation 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Testing Procedure 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Accuracy of Test Results 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.5 Evaluation of Results 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Compressor Performance Testing 409\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Performance Testing of New Compressors 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1 Re-rate Options 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.2 General Guidelines 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.3 Gas Sampling 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.4 Instrumentation 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.5 Sideload Compressors 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.6 Calculation Procedures 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Shop Testing and Types of Tests 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Field Testing 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Predicting Compressor Performance at Other Than As-Designed Conditions 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 How Performance Tests Are Documented 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 Design Parameters: What Affects Performance 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.3 What to Seek from Vendors’ Documents 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.4 Illustrations and Example 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Procurement, Audit, and Asset Management Decisions 443\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Incentives to Buy from Knowledgeable and Cooperative Compressor Vendors 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Industry Standards and Their Purpose 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Typical Scope of Standards 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 Disclaimers in Standards 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Going Beyond the Standards 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Disadvantages of Cheap Process Compressors 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Audits vs. Reviews 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Staffing and Timing of Audits and Reviews 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Use of Equipment Downtime Statistics 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Auditing and Reviewing Compressors 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Compressor Inspection: Extension of the Audit Effort 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.1 Inspection of a Welded Impeller (Wheel) and the Entire Rotor 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Compressor Installation Specifications 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7.1 Field Erection and Installation Specifications for Special-Purpose Machinery 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Reliability-Driven Asset Management Strategies 477\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Strategy for Reciprocating Compressors 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.1 Process Operating Window 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.2 Breakdown Maintenance 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.3 Time-Based Maintenance 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.4 Equipment Health Monitoring 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.5 Reliability and Maintenance 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1.6 Asset Management Strategy 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Achieving Compressor Asset Optimization 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.1 Input Obtained from Workshops 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2.2 Conclusions 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPPENDIX A PROPERTIES OF COMMON GASES 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPPENDIX B SHORTCUT CALCULATIONS AND GRAPHICAL 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOMPRESSOR SELECTION PROCEDURES\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPPENDIX C BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINDEX 557\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Industrial chemistry \u0026amp; manufacturing technologies [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Industrial chemistry \u0026amp; manufacturing technologies\" 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